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Abstract

The rapidly developing measurement techniques and emerging new physical methods are frequently used in otolaryngological diagnostics. A wide range of applied diagnostic methods constituted the basis for the review study aimed at presenting selected modern diagnostic methods and achieved diagnostic results to a wider group of users. In this part, the methods based on measuring the respiratory parameters of patients were analysed. Respiration is the most important and necessary action to support life and its effective duration. It is an actual gas exchange in the respiratory system consisting of removing CO2 and supplying O2. Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli, and an efficient respiratory tract allows for effective ventilation. The disruption in the work of the respiratory system leads to measurable disturbances in blood saturation and, consequently, hypoxia. Frequent, even short-term, recurrent hypoxia in any part of the body leads to multiple complications. This process is largely related to its duration and the processes that accompany it. The causes of hypoxia resulting from impaired patency of the respiratory tract and/or the absence of neuronal respiratory drive can be divided into the following groups depending on the cause: peripheral, central and/or of mixed origin. Causes of the peripheral form of these disorders are largely due to the impaired patency of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract. Therefore, early diagnosis and location of these disorders can be considered reversible and not a cause of complications. Slow, gradually increasing obstruction of the upper respiratory tract (URT) is not noticeable and becomes a slow killer. Hypoxic individuals in a large percentage of cases have a shorter life expectancy and, above all, deal with the consequences of hypoxia much sooner.
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Bibliography

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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Kukwa
1
Andrzej Zając
2
Robert Barański
3
Szymon Nitkiewicz
4 5
Wojciech Kukwa
6
Edyta Zomkowska
7
Adam Rybak
8

  1. University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Department and Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Warszawska St. 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  2. Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Institute of Optoelectronics, Kaliskiego St., 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics, Mickiewicza St. 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  4. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Technical Science, Oczapowskiego St. 2, Olsztyn, Poland
  5. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Oczapowskiego St. 2, Olsztyn, Poland
  6. Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Zwirki i Wigury St. 61, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
  7. University Hospital in Olsztyn, Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Warszawska St. 30,10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  8. LABSOFT Sp. z o. o., Puławska St. 469, 02-844 Warsaw, Poland
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Abstract

This article presents selected physical diagnostic methods used in otorhinolaryngology and results of their application. In addition to the applications of methods using the capabilities of selective sensors, selected methods of hybrid diagnostics were also presented – for assessment of parameters of respiratory processes, with polysomnography as an example of using both typical diagnostic methods dedicated to otolaryngology, as well as standard EEG and ECG methods. It has been shown that in some special cases of respiratory disorders, measurements of the air flow in the respiratory tract can be supplemented with pressure measurements in selected positions within the airways. The presented optical methods and diagnostic systems are very often used in the diagnosis of diseases not specific for otolaryngology occurring in the area of the head and neck. The presented material is the second part of the study discussing both standard and widely used diagnostic methods. All presented methods are dedicated to otolaryngology. This text is a continuation of the material published in No 4 of 2021 [1].
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Zając
1
Andrzej Kukwa
2
Robert Barańska
3
Szymon Nitkiewicz
4 5
Edyta Zomkowska
6 7
Adam Rybak
8

  1. Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Institute of Optoelectronics, Kaliskiego St., 2, 00-908, Warsaw, Poland
  2. University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Department and Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Warszawska St. 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  3. AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics, Mickiewicza St. 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
  4. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Mechatronics, Faculty of Technical Science, Oczapowskiego St. 2, Olsztyn, Poland
  5. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Oczapowskiego St. 2, Olsztyn, Poland
  6. Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital in Olsztyn, Warszawska St. 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  7. University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Department and Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Diseases, Collegium Medicum, Warszawska St. 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland
  8. LABSOFT Sp. z o.o., Puławska St. 469, 02-844 Warsaw, Poland

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