The problem of Hungarian identity is one of the themes of Stanisław Vincenz’s essays written at the time of the Second World War. Inspired by Wincenty Pol’s thinking about relationship between the sense of geographical place and literature, he decided to explore the ‘general impact of landscape’ and in particular identify the place that would convey the essence of ‘Hungarianness’. The article looks at various aspects of this problem in Vincenz’s essay ‘Landscape – the background of history’ in the context of his other essays in which the idea of place is discussed. In effect, the article lays down a theoretical formula of indeterminate spots in modern literature. The indeterminate spot possesses six constitutive features: changeability and transmutability; fuzzy borders; shifty positioning between utopia and atopia; great semantic potential; the experience of place is involved in irreducible inconsistencies but rests on a solid ideological foundation.

The industry transformation to the digital model 4.0 will be a significant change from

the perspective of the organisation and processes. In the context of the above, the research

was undertaken, the principal aim of which constituted the attempt to answer the question

concerning the technological advancement level of manufacturing companies operating in

the agricultural machinery sector. It is about identifying what adaptation projects in the

context of the fourth generation industry era should be undertaken by the Polish manufacturers operating in the agricultural machinery sector. The achievement of the main

objective required formulation and implementation of partial objectives, which, according

to the authors, include: C(1) – defining the Industry 4.0 axiom merit; C(2) – using the

subject literature reconstruction and interpretation methods – nomination of areas, on the

one hand essential from the perspective of the model 4.0, and on the other hand those that

may demonstrate the maturity in the domain of the adopted desiderata; C(3) – compilation

of the research model, in the form of an assessment sheet, being a resultant of literature

studies and research conducted among deliberately selected domain experts; C(4) – based

on the selected indicators, the technological advancement level recognition of the studied

companies; specification of a technological gap (questioning among experts).

Due to rapid development of wireless systems and future implementation of the 5G system, it is necessary to increase number of the stations and/or number of radio emissions in current and new mobile service frequency bands. For each of the new or modified radio installation in Poland the Electromagnetic Field (EMF) strength levels has to be evaluated and measured/validated in accordance with allowable limits. In the paper the model of estimation of total EMF levels coming from mobile base stations radio emissions to be used for estimation of the whole country territory EMF levels is proposed. Results of preliminary analysis were also shown on practical examples. The model presented in the paper can be used for initial finding of possible places where exist the risk of exceedance of the maximum exposure limits and for analysis of potential radio network development taking into account current regulatory limits. The model will be used in computerized system SI2PEM which is developing in Poland for EMF levels controlling and validation purposes.

One of the biggest challenges facing a designer of paper structures is its low resistance to moisture and water. Paper is a hydrophilic material that absorbs moisture from the outside. This causes the hydrogen bonds between the cellulose molecules to loosen and as a result a rapid decrease in strength parameters. In order to be able to use paper as a construction material, there is a need to select and evaluate the effectiveness of the appropriate impregnant, as well as to know its impact on the mechanical properties of the impregnated paper. The paper analyzes the effect of the use of various impregnations, including wood oil, yacht lacquer, and fire-retardant agent impregnation, on the tensile strength of several types of cellulose-derived materials, e.g. corrugated board, solid board, paper cores, and honeycomb board. The effectiveness of the impregnation was also assessed using the method of measuring the contact angle of the reference and impregnated surfaces.