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Mapping Ghana by GMT and R scripting: advanced cartographic approaches to visualize correlations between the topography, climate and environmental setting

Polina Lemenkova
Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation | 2022 | vol. 71 | No 1 | e16 | DOI: 10.24425/gac.2022.141169
Keywords geophysics mapping cartography R language GMT
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Abstract

The applications of the machine learning and programming approaches in cartography has been increasing in recent years. This paper presents a case study of the scripting techniques used for cartographic mapping using Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and R language (raster and tmaps packages). The aim of the study is environmental mapping of Ghana. The materials include high-resolution raster grids: topography by the General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans (GEBCO), climate and environmental datasets (TerraClimate) and Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for geomorphometric analysis (slope, aspect, hillshade and elevations). The methodology includes code snippets commented and explained with details of scripts. It is argued that using consolebased scripting tools for mapping is effective for cartographic workflow due to the logical structure and repeatability of scripts. The results include eight new thematic maps of Ghana performed using scripting approach inGMTscripting toolset and R language for quantitative and qualitative environmental assessment. Maps show correlations between the landforms of Ghana and certain environmental variables (drought index and soil moisture) showing the effects of the topographic relief on the distribution of the continuous geographic fields. These varied in several geographically distinct regions of Ghana: Ashanti (Kumasi), Volta, Savannah, coastal and northern regions. Demonstrated maps show that scripting method works effectively on a wide range of geosciences including environmental, topographic and climate studies. In such a way, this paper contributes both to the regional studies of Ghana and development of cartographic techniques.
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Authors and Affiliations

Polina Lemenkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Evapotranspiration, vapour pressure and climatic water deficit in Ethiopia mapped using GMT and TerraClimate dataset

Polina Lemenkova
Journal of Water and Land Development | 2022 | No 54 | 201-209 | DOI: 10.24425/jwld.2022.141573
Keywords cartography climatic water deficit environmental management Ethiopia evapotranspiration mapping vapour pressure
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Abstract

In the present research, a scripting cartographic technique for the environmental mapping of Ethiopia using climate and topographic datasets is developed. The strength of the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) is employed for the effective visualisation of the seven maps using high-resolution data: GEBCO, TerraClimate, WorldClim, CRUTS 4.0 in 2018 by considering the solutions of map design. The role of topographic characteristics for climate variables (evapotranspiration, downward surface shortwave radiation, vapour pressure, vapour pressure deficit and climatic water deficit) is explained. Topographic variability of Ethiopia is illustrated for geographically dispersed and contrasting environmental setting in its various regions: Afar, Danakil Depression, Ethiopian Highlands, Great Rift Valley, lowlands and Ogaden Desert. The relationships between the environmental and topographic variables are investigated with aid of literature review and the outcomes are discussed. The maps are demonstrated graphically to highlight variables enabling to find correlations between the geographic phenomena, their distribution and intensity. The presented maps honor the environmental and topographic data sets within the resolution of the data. Integration of these results in the interpretation maps presented here brings new insights into both the variations of selected climate variables, and the topography of Ethiopia.
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Authors and Affiliations

Polina Lemenkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Building L, Campus de Solbosch, Avenue Franklin Roosevelt 50, Brussels 1000, Belgium

The visualization of geophysical and geomorphologic data from the area of Weddell Sea by the generic mapping tools

Polina Lemenkova
Studia Quaternaria | 2021 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 19-32 | DOI: 10.24425/sq.2020.133759
Keywords Weddell Sea Antarctic GMT cartography geophysics
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Abstract

The paper concerns GMT application for studies of the geophysical and geomorphological settings of the Weddell Sea. Its western part is occupied by the back-arc basin developed during geologic evolution of the Antarctic. The mapping presents geophysical settings reflecting tectonic formation of the region, glaciomarine sediment distribution and the bathymetry. The GlobSed grid highlighted the abnormally large thickness of sedimentary strata resulted from the long lasting sedimentation and great subsidence ratio. The sediment thickness indicated significant influx (>13,000m) in the southern segment. Values of 6,000–7,000 m along the peninsula indicate stability of the sediments influx. The northern end of the Filchner Trough shows increased sediment supply. The topography shows variability -7,160–4,763 m. The ridges in the northern segment and gravity anomalies (>75 mGal) show parallel lines stretching NW-SE (10°–45°W, 60°–67°S) which points at the effects of regional topography. The basin is dominated by the slightly negative gravity >-30 mGal. The geoid model shows a SW-NE trend with the lowest values <18 m in the south, the highest values >20m in the NE and along the Coats Land. The ripples in the north follow the geometry of the submarine ridges and channels proving correlation with topography and gravitational equipotential surface.
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Authors and Affiliations

Polina Lemenkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Natural Disasters, Anthropogenic Hazards and Seismicity of the Earth, Laboratory of Regional Geophysics and Natural Disasters, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Str. 10, Bld. 1, Moscow, 123995, Russian Federation;

Geodynamic setting of Scotia Sea and its effects on geomorphology of South Sandwich Trench, Southern Ocean

Polina Lemenkova
Polish Polar Research | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 1 | 1-23 | DOI: 10.24425/ppr.2021.136510
Keywords South Atlantic Ocean Scotia Sea Plate deep-sea trench GMT geology cartography
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Abstract

The South Sandwich Trench located eastward of the Drake Passage in the Scotia Sea between Antarctica and South America is one of the least studied deep-sea trenches. Its geomorphological formation and present shape formed under the strong influence of the tectonic plate movements and various aspects of the geological setting, i.e., sediment thickness, faults, fracture zones and geologic lineaments. The aim of this paper is to link the geological and geophysical setting of the Scotia Sea with individual geomorphological features of the South Sandwich Trench in the context of the phenomena of its formation and evolution. Linking several datasets (GEBCO, ETOPO1, EGM96, GlobSed and marine freeair gravity raster grids, geological vector layers) highlights correlations between various factors affecting deep-sea trench formation and development, using the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) for cartographic mapping. The paper contributes to the regional studies of the submarine geomorphology in the Antarctic region with a technical application of the GMT cartographic scripting toolset.
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Authors and Affiliations

Polina Lemenkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences. Bolshaya Gruzinskaya St, 10, Bld. 1, Moscow, 123995, Russian Federation

Behaviour of Moraine Soils Stabilised with OPC, GGBFS and Hydrated Lime

Per Lindh Polina Lemenkova
Archives of Mining Sciences | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 2 | 319-334 | DOI: 10.24425/ams.2023.146182
Keywords civil engineering UCS soil cement slag lime
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Abstract

This paper aims to evaluate the effects of blended binders on the development of strength in moraine soils by optimising the proportion of several binders. We tested three types of soil as a mixture of moraine soils: A (sandy clay), B (clayey silt) and C (silty clay), collected in southern Sweden. The soil was compacted using a modified Proctor test using the standard SS-EN 13286-2:2010 to determine optimum moisture content. The particle size distribution was analysed to determine suitable binders. The specimens of types A, B and C, were treated by six different binders: ordinary Portland cement (OPC); hydrated lime (Ca(OH)2); ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) and their blends in various proportions. The strength gain in soil treated by binders was evaluated by the test for Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) against curing time. For soil type A, the strength increase is comparable for most of the binders, with the difference in behaviour in the UCS gain. The OPC/lime, GGBFS and hydrated lime showed a direct correlation, while OPC, OPC/GGBFS and GGBFS/hydrated lime – a quick gain in the UCS by day 28th. After that, the rate of growth decreased. Compared to soil type A, Ca(OH)2 performs better on the stabilisation of soil type B. Besides, the hydrated lime works better on the gain of the UCS compared to other binders. The GGBFS/Ca(OH)2 blend shows a notable effect on soil type A: the UCS of soil treated by Ca(OH)2 performs similarly to those treated by OPC with visible effects on day 90th. Cement and a blend of slag/hydrated lime demonstrated the best results for soil type B. An effective interaction was noted for the blends GGBFS and hydrated lime, which is reflected in the UCS development in soils type A and B. Blended binder GGBFS/hydrated lime performs better compared to single binders.
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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Swedish Transport Administration, Department of Investments Technology and Environment, Neptunigatan 52, Box 366, SE-201-23 Malmö, Sweden
  2. Lund University, Lunds Tekniska Högskola (LTH), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Division of Building Materials, Sweden
  3. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École Polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA) Belgium

Soil contamination from heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants (PAH, PCB and HCB) in the coastal area of Västernorrland, Sweden

Per Lindh Polina Lemenkova
Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi - Mineral Resources Management | 2022 | vol. 38 | No 2 | 147-168 | DOI: 10.24425/gsm.2022.141662
Keywords marine pollution soil civil engineering geotechnical engineering Baltic Sea
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Abstract

This paper presents an experimental study on the leaching of heavy metals, toxic chemicals and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) – PAH, PCB and HCB – from soil dredged from the coastal area of Västernorrland in northern Sweden. The soil was stabilized with cement/slag. Samples were subjected to modified surface leaching and shake tests using technical standards of the Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI). The experiments were performed using different blends of binding agents (30/70, 50/50, 70/30) and binder quantities (120 and 150 kg/m3) to analyze their effects on leaching. Soil properties, tools, and workflow are described. Binders included Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS). Samples were tested to evaluate the min/max contents of pollutants (μg/l) for heavy metals (As, Ba, Pb, Cd, Co, Cu, Cr, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, S, V, Zn) and the hydrocarbon fraction index in the excess water. The leaching of heavy metals and POPs was assessed in sediments after the addition of the binder. The comparison was made against the two mixes (cement/slag in 30/70% and high/low binder with low/high water ratio). The results showed that 70% slag decreases the leaching of heavy metals and POPs. The equilibrium concentrations of DOC and heavy metals at L/S 10 (μg/l) were measured during the shake experiments to compare their levels in the groundwater that was used as a leachate. The leached content was assessed at L/S 10 in the upscaling experiments using four samples for PAH, PCB and various fractions of hydrocarbons: C10–C40, C10–C12, C12–C16 and C35–C40. The shake test showed a decrease in the leaching of heavy metals and POP substances from the soil subjected to stabilization by a higher amount of slag added as a binder. A binder blend with 30% cement and 70% of GGBFS showed the best performance.
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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Swedish Transport Administration, Malmö, Sweden
  2. Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  3. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Environmental mapping of Burkina Faso using TerraClimate data and satellite images by GMT and R scripts

Polina Lemenkova Olivier Debeir
Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation | 2023 | vol. 72 | No 2 | e45 | DOI: 10.24425/agg.2023.146157
Keywords environmental monitoring cartography image processing sub-saharan Africa R programming
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Abstract

In this paper, the climate and environmental datasets were processed by the scripts of Generic Mapping Tools (GMT) and R to evaluate changes in climate parameters, vegetation patters and land cover types in Burkina Faso. Located in the southern Sahel zone, Burkina Faso experiences one of the most extreme climatic hazards in sub-saharan Africa varying from the extreme floods in Volta River Basin, to desertification and recurrent droughts.. The data include the TerraClimate dataset and satellite images Landsat 8-9 Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared (TIRS) C2 L1. The dynamics of target climate characteristics of Burkina Faso was visualised for 2013-2022 using remote sensing data. To evaluate the environmental dynamics the TerraClimate data were used for visualizing key climate parameter: extreme temperatures, precipitation, soil moisture, downward surface shortwave radiation, vapour pressure deficit and anomaly. The Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) was modelled over the study area to estimate soil water balance related to the soil moisture conditions as a prerequisites for vegetation growth. The land cover types were mapped using the k-means clustering by R. Two vegetation indices were computed to evaluate the changes in vegetation patterns over recent decade. These included the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) The scripts used for cartographic workflow are presented and discussed. This study contributes to the environmental mapping of Burkina Faso with aim to highlight the links between the climate processes and vegetation dynamics in West Africa.
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Authors and Affiliations

Polina Lemenkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
Olivier Debeir
2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Universität Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
  2. Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium

Ultrasonic P- and S-Wave Reflection and CPT Soundings for Measuring Shear Strength in Soil Stabilized by Deep Lime/Cement Columns in Stockholm Norvik Port

Per Lindh Polina Lemenkova
Archives of Acoustics | 2023 | vol. 48 | No 3 | 325-346 | DOI: 10.24425/aoa.2023.145243
Keywords civil engineering soil stabilization compressive strength cement lime seismic waves
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Abstract

In this research project, the measurements of the ultrasonic P- and S-waves and seismic cone penetration testing (CPT) were applied to identify subsurface conditions and properties of clayey soil stabilized with lime/cement columns in the Stockholm Norvik Port, Sweden. Applied geophysical methods enabled to identify a connection between the resistance of soil and strength in the stabilized columns. The records of the seismic tests were obtained in the laboratory of Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) through estimated P- and S-wave velocities using techniques of resonance frequency measurement of the stabilized specimens. The CPT profiles were used to evaluate the quality of the lime/cement columns of the reinforced soil by the interpretation of signals. The relationship between the P- and S-waves demonstrated a gain in strength during soil hardening. The quality of soil was evaluated by seismic measurements with aim to achieve sufficient strength of foundations prior to the construction of the infrastructure objects and industrial works. Seismic CPT is an effective method essential to evaluate the correct placement of the CPT inside the column. This work demonstrated the alternative seismic methods supporting the up-hole technology of drilling techniques for practical purpose in civil engineering and geotechnical works.
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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Department of Investments, Technology and Environment, Swedish Transport Administration, Malmö, Sweden
  2. Faculty of Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Division of Building Materials, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
  3. École Polytechnique de Bruxelles, Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium

Seismic velocity of P-waves to evaluate strength of stabilized soil for Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget Biorefinery Östrand AB, Timrå

Per Lindh Polina Lemenkova
Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2022 | 70 | 4 | e141593 | DOI: 10.24425/bpasts.2022.141593
Keywords unconfined compressive strength P-wave velocity stabilized soil cement slag
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Abstract

Evaluating soil strength by geophysical methods using P-waves was undertaken in this study to assess the effects of changed binder ratios on stabilization and compression characteristics. The materials included dredged sediments collected in the seabed of Timrå region, north Sweden. The Portland cement (Basement CEM II/A-V, SS EN 197-1) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) were used as stabilizers. The experiments were performed on behalf of the Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget (SCA) Biorefinery Östrand AB pulp mill. Quantity of binder included 150, 120 and 100 kg. The properties of soil were evaluated after 28, 42, 43, 70, 71 and 85 days of curing using applied geophysical methods of measuring the travel time of primary wave propagation. The P-waves were determined to evaluate the strength of stabilized soils. The results demonstrated variation of P-waves velocity depending on stabilizing agent and curing time in various ratios: Low water/High binder (LW/HB), High water/Low binder (HW/LB) and percentage of agents (CEM II/A-V/GGBFS) as 30%/70%, 50%/50% and 70%/30%. The compression characteristics of soils were assessed using uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). The P-wave velocities were higher for samples stabilized with LW/HB compared to those with HW/LB. The primary wave propagation increased over curing time for all stabilized mixes along with the increased UCS, which proves a tight correlation with the increased strength of soil solidified by the agents. Increased water ratio gives a lower strength by maintained amount of binder and vice versa.

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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Swedish Transport Administration, Gibraltargatan 7, Malmö, Sweden
  2. Lund University, Division of Building Materials, Box 118, SE- 221-00, Lund, Sweden
  3. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis (LISA). Campus de Solbosch - CP 165/57, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium

Permeability, compressive strength and Proctor parameters of silts stabilised by Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS)

Per Lindh Polina Lemenkova
Archive of Mechanical Engineering | 2022 | vol. 69 | No 4 | 667-692 | DOI: 10.24425/ame.2022.141522
Keywords permeability porosity compactness compressive strength cement
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Abstract

The study investigates the effect of Portland cement and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS) added in changed proportions as stabilising agents on soil parameters: uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), Proctor compactness and permeability. The material included dredged clayey silts collected from the coasts of Timrå, Östrand. Soil samples were treated by different ratio of the stabilising agents and water and tested for properties. Study aimed at estimating variations of permeability, UCS and compaction of soil by changed ratio of binders. Permeability tests were performed on soil with varied stabilising agents in ratio H WL B (high water / low binder) with ratio 70/30%, 50/50%, and 30/70%. The highest level of permeability was achieved by ratio 70/30% of cement/slag, while the lowest - by 30/70%. Proctor compaction was assessed on a mixture of ash and green liquor sludge, to determine optimal moisture content for the most dense soil. The maximal dry density at 1.12 g/cm 3 was obtained by 38.75% of water in a binder. Shear strength and P-wave velocity were measured using ISO/TS17892-7 and visualised as a function of UCS. The results showed varying permeability and UCS of soil stabilised by changed ratio of CEM II/GGBS.
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Authors and Affiliations

Per Lindh
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Polina Lemenkova
3
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Swedish Transport Administration, Malmö, Sweden
  2. Lund University (Lunds Tekniska Högskola, LTH), Faculty of Engineering, Department of Building and Environmental Technology, Division of Building Materials, Lund, Sweden
  3. Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles (Brussels Faculty of Engineering), Laboratory of Image Synthesis and Analysis, Brussels, Belgium

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