In the 20th century toponymy of the Kłodzko Land underwent serious changes, which with no doubt can be called a revolution. After 1945 and the displacement of the German population all the pre-war names were substituted with Polish ones, which, unfortunately, only rarely were connected with the former tradition, in some cases as old as the middle ages. Most of new names were introduced by a special commission whose main aim was to mark that the new areas gained by Poland after the World War II (the so called Regained Territories) were successfully taken into possession. However, many places and objects (some mountain tops, rock formations, springs, parts of villages) did not receive a name. In the next decades, new local communities started to accustom the mountainous landscape and independently gave names to various nameless (in Polish) places. Unfortunately, due to the depopulation of rural areas in the Kłodzko Land and other formal reasons, the process was quite slow. The main aim of the paper is not only to analyse those changes, but also to compare the numbers of names in chosen moments of the 20th century. For this purpose three types of maps in 1 : 25 000 scale were used: pre-war (German) “Meßtischblatt”, a Polish topographic map representing the situation at the beginning of the 1970s and, finally, the “Army topographic map” from the end of the 20th century. On the first map 531 geographical names were marked, on the second — only 225, and on the third — 277, which is still approximately half of the number before 1945.

Cranes belong to underactuated mechanical systems, an important subclass of nonlinear control systems typified by fewer control inputs than the degrees of freedom. The usual performance goal of a crane is to execute a desired motion of the load, specified by as many outputs as the control inputs. The challenging task of inverse simulation study, in which control of the underactuated system subject to execute the partly specified motion is determined, is usually formulated in independent variables. In this paper, a dependent variable formulation is motivated and developed. Compared to the independent variable formulation, the use of dependent variables leads to much simpler governing equations, and their effective number is reduced. The developed formulation is illustrated by a simulation model of an overhead crane executing a rest-to-rest maneuver of the load along a specified curvilinear trajectory.

The sedimentation devices are commonly used in the clarifying of industrial suspensions and in the civil engineering. The sedimentation efficiency plays very important role in the environmental protection. The aim of the research was to investigate the possibilities of applying neural networks in computing the efficiency of sedimentation processes. Input data were the results of computer stimulation performed according to the mathematical model taking into account the overflow rate in the sedimentation facilities and physical parameters of the suspension, such as probability density function of solid particle size. Two probability density functions of solid particle size were compared: log-normal distribution and gamma distribution. Feed-forward neural networks (with no feedback and with one- stream flow of information) were applied in research work. Teacher-supervised teaching, according to back-propagation method with the use of Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm, was chosen. When neural networks were taught with the use of sets including less than 400 data elements, the errors were more than I%. Neural networks taught by means of series including more than 500 data sets would yield acceptable results and the error was less than I%. Accordingly, one can presume that the smallest teaching set is the one composed of 500 data elements. The best results were obtained when the number of data sets was about 5000- the differences in computed sedimentation efficiency were then less than 0.5%. A further increase in the number of data elements - above 5000 - would lead to lower accuracy of calculations.