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Special character of human rights obligations and the jurisdiction of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in the Palestine v. Israel case

Michał Balcerzak
Polish Yearbook of International Law | 2020 | No XL | 93-108 | DOI: 10.24425/pyil.2021.138431
Keywords Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination human rights International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination inter-state complaints jurisdiction obligations erga omnes
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Abstract

Among UN human rights treaty bodies that have the competence to examine inter-state communications, only the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) has had the possibility to develop its case law in this regard (as of 2020). One of these cases – submitted by the State of Palestine against Israel – resulted in a controversy arising from the respondent state’s declaration excluding any treaty relations between Palestine and Israel, the latter considering the former “a non-recognized entity.” The present paper analyses the CERD’s decision of 12 December 2019 in which the Committee found that it had jurisdiction to hear the inter-state communication. The author argues that while invocation of the “special character” of human rights obligations constitutes a powerful argument in judicial discourse, this should not lead to (re)opening debates on self-contained regimes and alienating human rights treaties from the norms and principles of general international law. At the same time, there are also valid reasons to perceive the obligations enshrined in the ICERD as being of a specific and erga omnes character.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Balcerzak
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Associate Professor (dr. hab.), Nicolaus Copernicus University (Toruń, Poland)

The Invisible Immigrant Child in the Norwegian Classroom: Losing Sight of Polish Children’s Immigrant Status Through Unarticulated Differences and Behind Good Intentions

Randi Wærdahl
Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2016 | Vol. 5 | No 1 | 93-108
Keywords school integration home–school collaboration egalitarianism Polish–Norwegian migration invisibility
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Abstract

Poles are today the largest group of family immigrants to Norway. Since Polish immigration is an intra-Euro-pean movement of labour, there are no specific laws or regulations, apart from labour regulations, pertaining to the introduction of Polish families to Norway and their settlement there. Consequently, there are few guidelines in schools and local authorities on dealing with Polish children in school. They receive the same introduction to school as immigrants from any other background, with no considera-tion of the specific characteristics of Poles. Equally, their parents are not eligible for the orientation courses and language classes that are offered to adult asylum seekers or refugees. As these are expen-sive, many Polish parents postpone language classes until they can afford them or find alternative ways of learning language and culture. In this article, I explore the inclusion of Polish children in Norwegian schools through the voices of teachers receiving Polish children in their classrooms and Polish mothers of children attending school in Norway. Interviews with both teachers and mothers reveal inadequate understandings of each other’s conceptions of school, education and the roles of home and school in the education of children. They also demonstrate a limited understanding of culturally bound interpre-tations of each other’s actions. Although both sides are committed to the idea of effective integration, we risk overlooking the social and academic challenges that Polish children face in Norwegian schools unless conceptions and expectations of school and education are articulated and actions are explained and contextualised. There is also a risk that cultural differences will be perceived as individual prob-lems, while real individual problems may be overlooked due to poor communication between schools and families. The data is drawn from an extended case study including classroom observations, inter-views with teachers and Polish mothers in Norway, and focus groups of educators and researchers in the field of social work.

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Authors and Affiliations

Randi Wærdahl

Uncertainty of pressure measurement in a single-bed adsorber

Mirosław Cezary Neska Tadeusz Andrzej Opara
Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2022 | vol. 29 | No 1 | 93-108 | DOI: 10.24425/mms.2022.138544
Keywords measurement uncertainty adsorber adsorbent bed adsorption chiller
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Abstract

An adsorber in which sorption processes occur is one of the key components of an adsorption chiller. Precise real-time monitoring of and supervision over these processes are particularly important to ensure their proper execution. The article describes the experimental stand used for the measurement of the adsorber’s operating parameters and analyses pressure measurement uncertainties, taking into account the impact of the temperature on the test system filled with the adsorbent in the form of silica gel, while concurrently considering the influence of other factors (e.g. the environment, the A/A, and A/D conversion, or data processing) on measurement uncertainties. A complex analysis of uncertainties was carried out, including the results of the statistical analysis of the measurement data obtained from long-term experimental tests of the object and the uncertainties of the pressure measuring chain by the type B method, involving the consideration of interactions between the system components and the temperature impact on the propagation of uncertainties. As part of the analysis, the characteristic stages of the data collection and processing operations related to the sampling rate and measurement intervals were separated. The article presents the prototype test stand and original pressure measurement system for the verification of a single-bed adsorber working below10 hPa.The novel construction of a single-bed adsorberwas used as a test object. Furthermore, in this paper, the developed algorithm of the research method implemented in the system was discussed and positively verified.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Cezary Neska
1
Tadeusz Andrzej Opara
2
  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Institute for Sustainable Technologies, K. Pułaskiego 6/10, 26-600 Radom, Poland
  2. Kazimierz Pulaski University of Technology and Humanities, Stasieckiego 54, 26-600 Radom, Poland

Assessment of large-panel prefabricated buildings in the social aspect of sustainable construction

Aleksandra Radziejowska Anna Sobotka
Archives of Civil Engineering | 2021 | vol. 67 | No 3 | 93-108 | DOI: 10.24425/ace.2021.138045
Keywords sustainable construction social assessment large-panel prefabricated buildings operation
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Abstract

A comprehensive assessment of buildings in accordance with the concept of sustainable development requires their analysis in three economic, environmental and social aspects. J It is a multi-criteria assessment, which takes into account many factors and their significance for the purpose of this assessment. Due to the complexity of this assessment, it can be performed due to a particular aspect, and the result obtained is a component of the global quality indicator as an additive function. The article presents the results of research conducted in large-panel buildings (LPB) enabling their assessment due to the social aspect. It is particularly important in the assessment of residential buildings, and the existing large resources of LPB are the basis for choosing them for such assessment According to the PN-EN 16309 + A1: 2014-12 standard, during conducting a social assessment of buildings, six main categories should be taken into account, which include: accessibility, adaptability, health and comfort, impact on the neighborhood, maintenance and maintainability, safety and security. The presented data was obtained as a result of the analysis of the features of selected buildings from the “large panel” located in housing estates in Cracow and Jędrzejów using a computer application. It is based on a mathematical model that was developed as part of a doctoral dissertation.
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Authors and Affiliations

Aleksandra Radziejowska
1
ORCID: ORCID
Anna Sobotka
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. AGH University of Science and Technology in Cracow, Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics, Av. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Cracow, Poland

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