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Abstract

The author reviews port services — which in current Polish maritime law system include shipping agency, shipbroking, pilotage and towage.

The first part of the article examines the legal status of ports and of services themselves as categorized by the Maritime Code. The author provides their outlines, noting terseness and shortcomings of the regulation.

The second part presents draft amendments to the Code proposed by Maritime Law Codification Committee. Among the changes proposed the author dis-cusses dockage.

The final part concerns European Union Law, as the primary impulse behind the study is draft Regulation of European Parliament and of the Council establishing a framework on market access to port services and financial transparency of ports of 23 May 2013. The emergence of the draft stirred the EU member states, and, in particular, the entities professionally associated with port industry. The author sets out the basics of the proposal and criticizes them as being contrary to free market principles and subjects port services to admin-istrative regulation.

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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław H. Koziński
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Abstract

The article discusses the circumstances surrounding the founding of the Association of Polish Writers Abroad (SPPzG) by Dr. Alina Siomkajło in London in 2010, oppositional to the Union of Polish Writers Abroad (ZPPnO), also in Great Britain, which had been active since 1945. The method of qualitative analysis was used to review the anti-communist content, the right-wing magazine.

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Authors and Affiliations

Jolanta Chwastyk-Kowalczyk
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

In the article the affiliation of Kujarke in genealogical classification is discussed. The Kujarke language is an isolate from Chad-Sudan neighborhood, described by the anthropologist Doornbos in 1981 (partially published in 1983). The present study operates with all c. 200 lexemes collected by Doornbos and evaluates their affinities in neighboring languages classified as Chadic and Nilo-Saharan. It is possible to conclude that Kujarke probably represents an independent group of East Chadic branch. From the neighboring Nilo-Saharan languages the strongest influence was identified from the Fur family.

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Authors and Affiliations

Václav Blažek

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