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Number of results: 10
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Abstract

The present paper deals with the synchronic variation of the phoneme /ʁ/ in the unstressed word final syllable onset in modern German spontaneous speech. Our research task was to determine the phonetic context, in which the phoneme /ʁ/ undergoes modifications in the above-mentioned position and to establish, whether the intensity and the type of modifications (vocalization or elision of the phoneme /ʁ/) could correlate with the part of speech and with the combinatorial conditions of sound realization. The data collected are based on the acoustic analysis of spontaneous speech (interviews in the media) of 20 German scientists (10 men and 10 women) from the Central and Southern Germany. Our results showed that the phoneme /ʁ/ undergoes intense modifications mainly in the word final position "stressed long vowel + ʁ + schwa vowel + nasal" in various parts of speech: verbs, plural forms of nouns, adjectives, participles, substantivized verbs, possessive pronouns and prepositions.
The type of modification of the phoneme /ʁ/ in the relevant position correlates with the sound context. After high and mid vowels [iː], [yː], [uː], [eː], [ɛː], [øː], [oː] vowel realizations as unsyllabic [ɐ̯] clearly dominate over the consonantal as [ʁ], leading to the emergence of centralizing secondary diphthongs [iːɐ̯], [yːɐ̯], [uːɐ̯], [eːɐ̯], [ɛːɐ̯], [øːɐ̯], [oːɐ̯]. In the position after the long [aː] an elision of the allophones of the phoneme /ʁ/ is predominant, which can lead to an overlong articulation of the preceding low vowel as [aːː].
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Authors and Affiliations

Tetiana Solska
1
Olena Borovska
1
Kateryna Poseletska
1
Nataliia Vyshyvana
1

  1. Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University
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Abstract

Nasal consonants feature in phonological systems of both Polish and Welsh, yet, apparently, they are active in a different manner and to a different degree. The paper aims first at establishing the ‘players’ – the prototypical segments and their nonprototypical variants. The relevant inventories seem to be comparable, however, the contextually and non-contextually dependent realizations vary considerably in the two systems. Polish nasal consonants do not appear to have terribly complex phonology, their occurrence and phonotactics seems to be dictated through use (Bybee, 2001). Nasal segments in Welsh, on the other hand, are actively involved in the alternation of Initial Consonant Mutation, where they occur as strengthened equivalents of plosives through (possibly) assimilation (Buczek, 1995). It remains to be discovered whether nasals in general (and the so-called voiceless nasals in particular) are independent categories or rather, additionally they feature as nonprototypical variants of plosives. There is, indeed, substantial overlap here. Secondly, the paper looks at certain instances of what appears to be sonorant lenition in Welsh, where nasals [m] and [n] are broken into complex consonantal diphthongs [mh] and [nh] respectively (Pilch, 1975). In its entirety, this paper examines the two systems, hinting at the similarities and exploring the points of difference, especially in cases where the similar phonetic realizations possibly result from different categorical membership.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anita Buczek-Zawiła
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Abstract

Artificial neural network (ANN), a Computational tool that is frequently applied in the modeling and simulation of manufacturing processes. The emerging forming technique of sheet metal which is typically called single point incremental forming (SPIF) comes into the map and the research interest towards its technological parameters. The surface quality of the end product is a major issue in SPIF, which is more critical with the hard metals. The part of the brass metal is demanded in many industrial uses because of its high load-carrying capacity and its wear resistance property. Considering the industrial interest and demand of the brass metal products, the present study is done with the SPIF experiment on calamine brass Cu67Zn33 followed by an ANN analysis for predicting the absolute surface roughness. The modeling result shows a close agreement with the measured data. The minimum and maximum errors are found in experiment 3 and experiment 7 respectively. The error of predicted roughness is found in the range of –30.87 to 20.23 and the overall coefficient of performance of ANN modeling is 0.947 which is quite acceptable.
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Authors and Affiliations

Manish Oraon
1
Vinay Sharma
1

  1. Birla Institute of Technology, Faculty of Production Engineering, India
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Abstract

Experiences of subregional cities in programming of urban renewal. The aim of the article is to analyze and evaluate the experience of selected subregional cities in revitalization programming. At the beginning, the strategic policy of the state towards subregional centers was defined. The guidelines from the National Spatial Development Concept, the National Urban Policy and the Strategy for Responsible Development were pointed out. Then, examine in detail the activities carried out so far in 4 cities, which as a result of the administrative reform in 1999 lost the status of the provincial city, i.e. in Ciechanów, Legnica, Piła and Przemyśl. Current documents have been characterized, in particular, the specificity of areas covered by revitalization has been described. Next, the leading directions of transformations of these areas were presented, resulting from the adopted revitalization policy. This allowed for the formulation of certain generalizations about the specificity of the process of renewal of degraded areas in subregional centers in Poland.

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Authors and Affiliations

Przemysław Ciesiółka
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Abstract

This article sheds light on the advent of online platforms and the way it is reshaping urban enviroment, breaking down traditional axes of both social interaction and commercial power, shifting the structure of traditional services. The platform revolution is radically transforming an array of many functional cities’ areas, like transportation, accommodations and personal services. Thus current concerns as strong urbanization, industrialization and world population growth, enable sharing economy firms to flourish as a reaction against the frictions of urban life exploiting such exacerbation, in order to fulfill demand for appropriate services. After a critical analysis of these issues, the article deepens innovative transportation services, moving on to illustrate the Italian rulemaking process as a chance to provide a solution to the ongoing problem of striking the right balance between competing priorities, such as market access and preservation of sustainable mobility. It suggests to reflect upon the best approach able to face the complexity of urban transport systems, in order to break in a new culture for urban mobility, comply to EU legislation too.

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Alessia Palladino
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Abstract

Autor definiuje pojęcie kultury przez odniesienie do szczególnej kategorii znaczeń normatywnych, czyli wartości. System wartości zorganizowany jest wokół trzech wartości najbardziej ogólnych i fundamentalnych: prawdy, dobra i piękna. Odpowiednio mówić można o trzech domenach kultury: kulturze poznawczej, kulturze moralnej i kulturze estetycznej. Desygnatami kultury poznawczej są przekonania, poglądy, opinie podzielane przez członków społeczeństwa. Desygnatami kultury moralnej są relacje łączące jednostki w przestrzeni międzyludzkiej. Desygnatami kultury estetycznej są szczególnego typu wytwory należące do sztuki artystycznej lub użytkowej. Podobieństwo wartości w każdym z tych trzech obszarów stanowi silny czynnik wytwarzający więzi społeczne i wspólnoty, a także tożsamości społeczne. Kultura jest fundamentem żywej i bogatej tkanki społecznej, społeczeństwa obywatelskiego.

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Authors and Affiliations

Piotr Sztompka
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Abstract

The present paper focuses on one of the non-surviving preterite-present verbs, *dugan/deah ‘avail, be of use’. Although the verb exhibited a low frequency, it continued in use throughout Old and Middle English and died out only by the end of the latter period. The exception is some northern dialects and Scottish English, where it still functions as dow ‘to be able, to be willing’. The paper attempts to account for the disappearance of *dugan from English taking under consideration both language internal and external factors. The analysis covers the usage of the verb in question in Old and Middle English as well as its main and peripheral meanings. The comparison of the distribution and sense of *dugan in the two periods shows the plausible causes of its demise, which include semantic bleaching, loss of impersonal constructions from English, and the presence of the closest synonyms of *dugan.
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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Wojtyś
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Abstract

Hordeum murinum L. is a polyploid complex of thermophilic, annual, zoochoric grasses of Mediterranean–Irano- Turanian origin that is commonly present in Europe. H. murinum complex includes three annual and most often autogamous taxa: glaucum, leporinum and murinum. The variation of nuclear microsatellites, chloroplast microsatellites and chloroplast SNP-based PCR-RFLP markers of H. murinum from Europe was analyzed in order to investigate its migration. The chloroplast markers revealed three distinct haplotypes. Two of them are characteristic of leporinum and murinum. A geographical pattern of haplotypes has been detected, however it does not correspond to the known patterns of migration routes in the Holocene. Geographic distribution of genotypes defined by nuclear microsatellites has shown a geographic trend that may link the migration of leporinum and murinum with the spread of Neolithic agriculture in Europe. This study also confirms genetic distinction of glaucum, as well as genetic uniformity of murinum and leporinum.
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Authors and Affiliations

Wojciech Bieniek
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Abstract

In the first part of these remarks I recall such examples from the past of the mentioned political agenda that might be a sort of warning for a too far reaching overtaking of higher education institutions by political powers. In the second part, however, I recall contemporary ways and forms of political agenda, which I call “velvet” revolutions and I also see them as threat to fulfill by universities their social missions. The remarks and evaluations formulated by me at the end are certainly not to be considered. These remarks are being treated by me as a voice in the discussion on the issue how much politics might be or has to be in the life of universities, what kind of politics do any good to them and what kind brings more damage.

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Authors and Affiliations

Zbigniew Drozdowicz
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Biblioteka Rady Miasta Gdańska, obok rękopisów oraz druków, gromadziła kolekcje naturaliów, a także obiektów artystycznych o charakterze encyklopedycznym, które pozostawały w ścisłej łączności z działalnością książnicy. Pochodzące głównie z darów zbiory swym profilem bliskie były tworzonym od końca XVI wieku kolekcjom o charakterze publicznym, służącym nowożytnej edukacji i rozwojowi nauki. Przy kategoryzacji obiektów z gdańskich zbiorów kierowano się kryteriami funkcjonującymi już w XVI wieku, wyróżniając naturalia (zwierzęta, rośliny, minerały), instrumenty matematyczne, numizmaty antyczne i współczesne, artificialia (dzieła sztuki) oraz sprzęt sal bibliotecznych. Zgodnie z nimi w 1701 roku wykonano odpowiedni, odrębny inwentarz, zachowany w zbiorach Biblioteki. Pod względem różnorodności obiektów i szczegółowości ich opisów zbiór biblioteczny przewyższa identyfikowane dotąd gdańskie kolekcje prywatne. Wśród bibliotecznych naturaliów wyróżniały się minerały wraz z kilkoma okazami koralowca i bursztynu. Właśnie na ich przykładzie starano się ukazać jeden z najważniejszych problemów nauki w przyrodoznawstwie XVI i XVII wieku, jakim była klasyfikacja naturaliów i znalezienie właściwych kryteriów dla ich uszeregowania.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krystyna Jackowska
1

  1. PAN Biblioteka Gdańska, Dział Zbiorów Specjalnych, Pracownia Grafiki

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