Multi-particle finite element method (MPFEM) simulation has been proven an efficient approach to study the densification behaviors during powder compaction. However, comprehensive comparisons between 2D and 3D MPFEM models should be made, in order to clarify which dimensional model produces more accurate prediction on the densification behaviors. In this paper, uniaxial high velocity compaction experiments using Ti-6Al-4V powder were performed under different impact energy per unit mass notated as Em. Both 2D and 3D MPFEM simulations on the powder compaction process were implemented under displacement control mode, in order to distinguish the differences. First, the experimental final green density of the compacts increased from 0.839 to 0.951 when Em was increased from 73.5 J/g to 171.5 J/g. Then detailed comparisons between two models were made with respect to the typical densification behaviors, such as the density-strain and density-pressure relations. It was revealed that densification of 2D MPFEM model could be relatively easier than 3D model for our case. Finally, validated by the experimental results, 3D MPFEM model generated more realistic predictions than 2D model, in terms of the final green density’s dependence on both the true strain and Em. The reasons were briefly explained by the discrepancies in both the particles’ degrees of freedom and the initial packing density.

The paper presents the experimental study of a novel unsteady-statemembrane gas separation approach for recovery of a slow-permeant component in the membrane module with periodical retentate withdrawals. The case study consisted in the separation of binary test mixtures based on the fast-permeant main component (N2O, C2H2) and the slow-permeant impurity (1%vol. of N2) using a radial countercurrent membrane module. The novel semi-batch withdrawal technique was shown to intensify the separation process and provide up to 40% increase in separation efficiency compared to a steady-state operation of the same productivity.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMD) encompass a diverse group of abnormalities in the functioning of the masticatory muscles, temporomandibular joints, and surrounding structures within the facial skull. One of the important etiological factors, contributing to the development of TMD are psychoemotional disorders, which include: depression, dysthymia, personality disorders, panic attacks as well as states and anxiety neuroses.
The aim of the study was to carry out a retrospective evaluation of the occurrence of psychoemotional disorders reported in the application form of medical interview of patients treated at the Consulting Room of Temporomandibular Disorders in Dental Institute (University Dental Clinic) for TMD.
The research material consisted of a subjective survey according to the protocol of the RDC/TMD questionnaire, axis II, of the 360 patients (224 women, 136 men), aged 19 to 43 who came to the University Dental Clinic in Krakow due to TMD management.
Result: The results of the conducted studies indicate the common occurrence of emotional disorders in the group of patients treated for TMD, both in the group of muscular and joint form of dysfunctions. The most often the patients selected: loss of sexual interest or pleasure, crying easily, feeling lonely, indifference to every-thing and feeling of worthlessness. These aspects show a significant influence of emotional factors on TMD.
Conclusion: The results of the conducted research indicate a significant frequencies of psychological and emotional disturbances reported in a survey among patients with TMD. Key

The European Green Deal is a strategy aimed at making Europe climate neutral in 2050. This work plan consists of several initiatives: European Climate Law, European Climate Pact, adaptation strategy, Farm-to Fork strategy and task to increase the EU 2030 climate target towards 55%. The aim of this article is to present the aims and structure of the European Green Deal with special notice on actions planed within „blue economy”. The maritime sector will have to play a central role in alleviating the multiple demands on the EU's land resources and tackling climate change by improving the use of aquatic and marine resources.

Long-term studies were performed on the development of plant communities in dumping grounds after hard coal mining. The communities were initiated by sowing grass seeds either directly in the ground with mineral fertilizing, or on separate surfaces covered with a layer of soil. The development of plant communities was assessed in various time intervals within the 30-year period. The studies concerning flora applied the Braun-Blanguet method, as well as botanical-gravimetric method. The size of biomass of surface herbaceous plants has been determined in a gravimetric manner. Plant communities with the participation of Festuca ovina initially make up monocultures, while their further development after 30 years led to the tree development of turf-like community with Betu/a verucosa and Pinus sylvestris. Such a community shows signs of substantial durability and high usability. Short-lasting grass types initiate the development of communities with Calamagrostis epigejos. On the ground covered with a layer of mineral soil the initial development of plant communities depended upon: bank of seeds in the ground, air and water conditions formed and trophic properties of the soil. Depletion of nutrients resulted in lowered production of biomass, while its collection enriched flora composition of the community, enabling the growth and development of short heliophilous plan. Depletion of plants nutrients, as well as accumulation of unmoved green biomass enabled the expansive species of Calamagrostis epigejos to settle in plant communities. The recognized natural processes in difficult habitats, initiated by grass sowing, provide the basis for correct biological reclamation of lands of Carboniferous rock waste.

The paper investigates the geographical denominations of Western lranian dialects, largely functioning also in the place-names, hydronyms, and oronyms of the area. The relevant lexical material, when taken together and approached as a system, opens larger possibilities for adequate analysis: the paradigm and internal ties of the constituent units become more visible and more clear revealing many otherwise unseen tendencies and peculiarities, particularly regarding the origin of given terms or groups of lexemes within the system. Moreover, as a mirror, it can detect various areal characteristics - first of all lexical and phonetic - of a language or language group in a particular territory. ln other words, it can reveal not only the features of linguistic development in diachrony, i.e. in time, but also in diatopy, i.e. in space.

During archaeological research in Łosień (c 32 km NE of Katowice), an early medieval smelting centre from the eleventh and twelfth centuries was revealed where lead and silver were smelted. Besides production equipment devices, seven iron, bronze-plated weights (weighing: 40 g, 39.7 g, 40 g, 40 g, 24.4 g, 17.19 g, 10.59 g) and elements of beam scales were discovered here. Nearby, a settlement was revealed. The whole complex was destroyed as a result of an armed attack. A hoard containing 1106 coins and 179 fragments of amorphous silver was discovered in the settlement (it is not clear whether it was located inside a building). All the coins were Polish: a younger variant of a cross-penny (1), and pennies of Boleslas III (1), Ladislas II (189) and Boleslas IV (949). These were almost exclusively coins minted around the middle of the twelfth century. The structure of the hoard does not reflect the structure of money circulating on the market. At that time, periodical exchange of issues was conducted every few years and use of only the coins of the newest type — at least in relations with the state — was obligatory. So the hoard was purposefully set aside as a treasure. It contains mostly better coins, minted according to the standard of 360 pennies to the mark (type 4 of Ladislas II and types 1 and 2a of Boleslas IV). A few slightly worse coins were collected, issued according to the standard of 480 pennies to the mark (types 2b and 3 of Boleslaus IV). However at the time of the deposit such standards were already a thing of the past: the standard of at least 540 pieces to the mark was already binding then. Only four specimens of such poor coins (type 4 of Boleslaus IV) were added to the hoard. It is probable that another money devaluation was related to the concealment of hoard. The presence of non-monetary silver in the hoard also proves it to have been intended as an accumulation of value in itself, consistent with the non-circulating character of the deposit. In Łosień, coins of these types have been found in a large hoard near Kraków for the first time. Previously known deposits occurring in central Poland, Great Poland, the Lublin region, and even in Silesia, made it possible to conjecture the existence of one more workshop operating in Great Poland, e.g. in Gniezno, where some types of Boleslaus IV’s coins might have been minted. Now these speculations have lost their raison d’etre. The analyses of the metal composition indicate the similarity of silver in coins and silver lumps, but the latter lack a deliberate admixture of copper. A single bracteate of Lower Silesia from the end of the thirteenth or the beginning of the fourteenth century, with bull’s head, was also found in the remains of a richly equipped dwelling house. There is no strict analogy with the bracteates in the literature.