This paper presents a numerical modeling method for AC losses in highly dynamic linear actuators with high temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes. The AC losses and generated force of two actuators, with different placement of the cryostats, are compared. In these actuators, the main loss component in the superconducting tapes are hysteresis losses, which result from both the non-sinusoidal phase currents and movement of the permanent magnets. The modeling method, based on the H-formulation of the magnetic fields, takes into account permanent magnetization and movement of permanent magnets. Calculated losses as function of the peak phase current of both superconducting actuators are compared to those of an equivalent non-cryogenic actuator.

Roman Ingarden in A Book about a Human Being uses the term ‘tragic’ three times with regard to man. The article follows his understanding of tragedy. Its types include: the tragedy of an inner splitting, the tragedy of incessant struggle, the tragedy of non‑fulfillment, the tragedy of passing away, and the tragedy of guilt. Axiological loneliness turns out to be a feature of all types of Ingarden’s tragedy.