The investigations of energetic piles on the landfill in Zakurzewo near Grudziądz were done. The study provided answers to the following questions: I - are the piles worth digging up, li - what kind of material may be recovered after that, and Ill - what kind of process dominates currently in piles? It has been found out that plastic. mineral fraction and fraction of waste with the particles at the diameter below 10 mm made up about 75-90% of the total mass of waste in piles. Therefore. in the future these groups should be selected from the whole mass. Small fractions - I fraction of waste (with the particles of the diameter below 10 mm) and li fraction (with the particles of the diameter between 10-40 mm) made up significant share (50-93%) of the total mass of waste in piles. Organic matter content in dry mass of I fraction was high ranging from 71.6-86.8% of d.rn. This fraction can be used as a biological layer on the landfill. but should not be treated as a neutral waste for the sake of lcachuig of high pollutants concentration. fur the sake of low reduction of organic matter further fermentation of waste from piles W I - W6 with biogas recovery is advisable. In order to improve structural and odor features of waste. before sorting on the secondary materials. three weeks of air drying is advisable.

We determined the performance of different Circulation Type Classifications (CTCs) to stratify air pollutants concentrations in Polish cities in winter. Our analysis is based on 15 CTCs calculated by COST 733 as well as on 5 manual universally used manual weather type classifications. For this purpose we compared and tested the explained variation (EV) and within-type standard deviation (WSD) methods. Finally, EV method has been chosen for evaluating classifications for daily values of SO2, NO2, PM I O and CO as well as vertical dispersion conditions obtained from SODAR data. We also presented the methodology of choosing smog episode days based on 90-percentile values. For the winter smog episodes data from Krakow different classifications have been compared using Gini coefficient method. The best results for separate air pollution data series as well as for smog episode days were obtained for Hess-Brezowski Gro/3wetterlagen classification (HBGWL). Moreover, good results were obtained for the based on principal component analysis PCACA classification, Polish Niedzwiedz TCN2I, modified Polish Litynski LITTc, modified Lamb LWT2, and three modified HBGWL (GWTC26, OGWL, OGWLSLP) classifications. The same classifications except for HBGWL are good for SODAR data. For the best CTCs, the differences between various classes are visible, however a big scattering is still observed. Main urban air pollution problems arise in situations when flow with Southerly component is observed. Correlations between air pollution data and SODAR data (calculated for marginal means obtained for different classes) confirm a negative role of both low height of the ground-based inversion and long duration of the low-level elevated inversion in urban areas.

Objectives: Medical students are more susceptible to depression than other students. Moreover, students with the symptoms of depression statistically more often abuse drugs and have suicidal thoughts and anxiety. The level of stress and the factors that lead to in among medical students at Polish universities have not yet been measured. The aim of this study was to translate to Polish and validate the Perceived Medical School Stress Instrument (PMSS-PL) and to measure the resulting version’s psychometric abilities.

Materials and Methods: We validated the Polish translation of PMSS in accordance with the recommendations published by the Translation and Cultural Adaptation group of the Quality of Life Special Interest group of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research. The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) was used as an external test to validate the PMSS-PL questionnaire. A total of 430 undergraduate medical students at the Medical College of Jagiellonian University took part.

Results: The mean PMSS-PL score was 36.43 and it varied from 13 to 65. The mean PSS-10 was 21.35. The internal reliability, as indicated by Cronbach’s alpha, was 0.803, which means there was internal reliability between PSS-10 and PMSS-PL. Moreover, all questions from PMSS-PL had a positive discri-mination power, so each question correlated positively with the other questions in PMSS-PL.

Conclusions: PMSS-PL may be used to psychometrically analyze the stress load on undergraduate medical students at Polish universities. The PMSS-PL may also be used as an external test for validating and calculating the reliability and accuracy of other psychometric instruments.

Under steady-state conditions when fluid temperature is constant, temperature measurement can be accomplished with high degree of accuracy owing to the absence of damping and time lag. However, when fluid temperature varies rapidly, for example, during start-up, appreciable differences occur between the actual and measured fluid temperature. These differences occur because it takes time for heat to transfer through the heavy thermometer pocket to the thermocouple. In this paper, a method for determinig transient fluid temperature based on the first-order thermometer model is presented. Fluid temperature is determined using a thermometer, which is suddenly immersed into boiling water. Next, the time constant is defined as a function of fluid velocity for four sheated thermocouples with different diameters. To demonstrate the applicability of the presented method to actual data where air velocity varies, the temperature of air is estimated based on measurements carried out by three thermocouples with different outer diameters. Lastly, the time constant is presented as a function of fluid velocity and outer diameter of thermocouple.

Construction risk assessment is the final and decisive stage of risk analysis. When highly changeable conditions of works execution are predicted, risk should be evaluated in the favorable, moderate, and difficult random conditions of construction. Given the random conditions, the schedule and cost estimate of the construction are developed. Based on these values, the risk of final deadline delay and the risk of total cost increase of construction completion are calculated. Next, the charts of the risks are elaborated. Risk changes are shown in the charts and are analyzed in the range [1, 0].

During three austral summer seasons cargo, expeditioner clothes and equipment of the Polish Antarctic Expedition were examined for the presence of alien propagules. Detailed inspections were undertaken at the station buildings, searching for any invertebrates. During each austral summer fresh fruits and vegetables were also inspected. A total of 359 invertebrates and their remains were found in cargo transported to Arctowski Station, or caught in the station’s facilities. The majority of samples were classified as cultivation pests (26%), food pests (43%), wood−destroying pests (4%), domestic insects and arachnids (15%). Through supply of the research station a wide range of alien organisms can be accidentally transported and ultimately introduced to the Antarctic. This study has clearly demonstrated that almost all cargo items can be a potential vector for alien organisms. Species from a broad range of biological groups can be transported to the Antarctic and remain in a viable state.