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Expectations of school in disadvantaged societies. Freire pictures from Latin America.

Przemysław Paweł Grzybowski

Studia Pedagogiczne | 2014 | tom LXVII | 53-68

Keywords school disadvantaged societies expectations pedagogy of the oppressed volunteers

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Abstract

The aim of this article is to present circumstances of South american schools functioning in disadvantaged societies on the examples of brazil and peru. Those local societies have been struggling with social and educational poverty, illiteracy, ethnic conflicts, pressures connected with gangs’ activities, etc. in many cases they try to solve their problems on the basis of school which is the center of social activity. These issues are little known in poland and only from literature and journalistic writing what has created their stereotyped image. Meanwhile, you cannot overestimate pedagogical implications of this phenomenon.

The expectations of South american local societies are in many cases not the same as the expectations of school defined by creators and administrators of the education system. Pressures and conflicts usually are caused by discrepancy between the activities of the central institutions and the needs (expectations) of different ethnic groups, clans, families and individuals. Students speaking dialects or the languages of ethnic minorities, normally experiencing domestic violence and forced to work on the border of law, are regarded by the education system as the others/aliens. in such a situation the assistance comes from volunteers and professional educators working for non-governmental organizations. Many of them refer to the ideas taken from Freire’s ‘pedagogy of the oppressed’. he was convinced that a man will never be free alone and his hope of freedom lies in education realized in cooperation with the others. The condition of liberating the oppressed individuals and groups from treating themselves as inferior, powerless, dependent on the others’ support ( which is typical for disadvantaged communities) is, according to paulo Freire, obtaining a new level of awareness through, among others, participating in educational projects based on the idea of social dialogue and creating the feeling of independence, elf-responsibility and co-responsibility for their own community.

In reflection, which is the basis of the above article, i am trying to answer the following question: in what circumstances a school can be a place of social dialogue and fulfilment of basic expectations of disadvantaged communities members? i assume that even in such exotic societies as Latin american countries you can find a lot of inspiration for solving problems similar to those encountered in poland.

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Przemysław Paweł Grzybowski

Is thinking an action?

Mateusz Karwowski

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria | 2019 | No 1 | 53-68 | DOI: 10.24425/pfns.2019.126634

Keywords L. Wittgenstein P. Hacker G. Strawson philosophy of action philosophyof mind mental states

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Abstract

Most philosophers believe that a unified philosophical account of mental and non -mental actions is possible. This article presents two arguments indicating that in fact it is not possible. The first one says that thinking is not an activity. Its formulation, however, is exposed to significant difficulties. The second argument avoids these difficulties and puts forward a different, though sometimes erroneously identified, thesis that mental and non-mental actions differ significantly, and therefore one theory should not be expected to include both phenomena. Acceptance of this result sheds new light on the problems associated with the language of thought and gives promise to a new answer to the question “What is Le Penseur doing?”

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Mateusz Karwowski

The Employment of Foreigners in Poland and the Labour Market Situation

Maciej Duszczyk Kamil Matuszczyk

Central and Eastern European Migration Review | 2018 | Vol. 7 | No 2 | 53-68

Keywords labour migration Poland unemployment rate employment rate economic inactivity

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Abstract

Between 2014 and 2016 the number of foreigners on the Polish labour market increased by over 300 per cent. They were mainly Ukrainian citizens taking up seasonal employment on the basis of the so-called ‘sim-plified system’. According to the literature, such a large increase in labour immigration in a short period of time may be an important factor in the growth of unemployment and the reduction of the employment rate of natives. The main purpose of this text is to show the correlation between the increase in the employment of foreigners in Poland and to determine whether or not this has had an impact on the deterioration of the state of the labour market. For this purpose, data from the Central Statistical Office and the Polish Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy were collected. As a result of our analysis, it was found that the significant increase in the presence of foreigners on the Polish labour market, which the country has faced in recent years, was not correlated with the rise in unemployment, the increase in the rate of economic inactivity and the availability of seasonal jobs. On this basis, we can state that the increase in the supply of foreigners on the Polish labour market, compared to other factors influencing it, was weak enough for the negative effects of the increased employment of foreigners to not occur.

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Maciej Duszczyk

Kamil Matuszczyk

Pollution Degree and Sanitary State Indicator Bacteria as the Indicators of the Purity of Lake Hańcza Waters

Anna Gotkowska-Plachta Ewa Korzeniewska Stanisław Niewolak

Archives of Environmental Protection | 2005 | vol. 31 | No 2 | 53-68

Keywords lake total coliforms faecal (thermotolerant) coliforms faecal streptococci

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a sanitary and bacteriological study of Lake Hańcza and its influents and an outflow. The study was conducted from April to October in the years 1998-2000, at 9 sites situated on the lake (pelagic zone, near-shore waters, ecotonal zone), 4 sites situated on the influents (the Czarna Hańcza and Stara Hańcza Rivers, the Spod Przełomki stream and the stream flowing from Lake Boczniel) and one situated on the Czarna Hańcza River, which flows out of Lake Hańcza. Total Viable Count at 20°C (TYC 20°C) and Total Viable Count at 37°C (TYC 37°C) were used as indicators of pollution, while Total Coli (TC), Faecal (therrnotolerant) Coli (FC) and Faecal Streptococcus - Enterococcus (FS) - as indicators of the sanitary state. The indicator bacteria number in the waters of Lake Hańcza and in the outflowing waters were usually typical of clean surface waters (purity class I). The bacteria number in the water inflowing to Lake Hańcza was much higher than that measured in the water of the lake and was usually similar to the values typical of slightly polluted (purity class II) and heavily polluted waters (purity class III). Throughout the study period, higher indicator bacteria numbers were measured in summer months; in other periods a higher number was found only sporadically. Its increase in subsequent years of study in the water at the established sites may be an indication of the increasing effect of allochtonie factors on the waters of Lake Hańcza.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Gotkowska-Plachta

Ewa Korzeniewska

Stanisław Niewolak

Modeling and simulation of an ideal plug flow reactor for synthesis of ethyl oleate using homogeneous acid catalyst

Suondos K.A. Barno Sarmad A. Rashid Ammar S. Abbas

Chemical and Process Engineering | 2021 | vol. 42 | No 1 | 53-68 | DOI: 10.24425/cpe.2021.137339

Keywords kinetics simulation ethyl oleate product distribution back-mixing

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Abstract

The production of ethyl oleate, by homogenous acid esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, have discussed experimentally and via computational simulation in a plug flow reactor. An innovative simulation model has developed to predict the esterification reaction performance in an ideal plug flow reactor. The amount of H2SO4 acid catalyst, the initial molar ratio of alcohol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, reaction temperature, and esterification time have examined their effects on ethyl oleate production and the conversion of oleic acid. Then the simulation extended to examine the esterification reaction kinetics and determine the reaction rate coefficients. The simulation results demonstrate that the increasing of H2SO4 acid, initial molar ratio of ethanol to oleic acid, ethanol concentration, and reaction temperature improved the productivity of the ethyl oleate and reduced the reactor space-time. The kinetics results illustrated that the reaction sensitivity to the temperature unchanging by using higher ethanol concentration and alcohol to oleic acid initial ratio. Lastly, the experimental yields at different conditions were slightly higher from those simulating with average values of 93.62 and 92.29%, respectively, indicating that the phenomenon of back-mixing cannot be ignored in esterification reactors, especially with a relatively high retention time within the reactor.

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Authors and Affiliations

Suondos K.A. Barno

Sarmad A. Rashid

Ammar S. Abbas

Presidency of the University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

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Expectations of school in disadvantaged societies. Freire pictures from Latin America.

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Authors and Affiliations

Is thinking an action?

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Authors and Affiliations

The Employment of Foreigners in Poland and the Labour Market Situation

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Pollution Degree and Sanitary State Indicator Bacteria as the Indicators of the Purity of Lake Hańcza Waters

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Authors and Affiliations

Modeling and simulation of an ideal plug flow reactor for synthesis of ethyl oleate using homogeneous acid catalyst

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