The present study was aimed to establish a novel TaqMan real-time PCR (RTm-PCR) for detecting and typing bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), and also to develop a diagnostic proto- col which simplifies sample collection and processing. Universal primers and TaqMan-MGB probes were designed from the known sequences of conserved 5′ - and 3′-untranslated regions (5’UTR, 3’UTR) of the NADL strain of BVDV. Prior to optimizing the assay, cDNAs were tran- scribed in vitro to make standard curves. The sensitivity, specificity and stability (reproducibility) were evaluated. The RTm-PCR was tested on the 312 feces specimens collected from persistently infected (PI) calves. The results showed the optimum conditions for RTm-PCR were 17.0 μmol/L primer, 7.5 μmol/L probe and 51.4°C annealing temperature. The established TaqMan RTm-PCR assay could specially detect BVDV without detecting any other viruses. Its detection limit was 1.55×100 copies/μL for viral RNA. It was 10000-fold higher than conventional PCR with excel- lent specificity and reproducibility. 312 samples were tested using this method and universal PCR from six dairy farms, respectively. Positive detections were found in 49 and 44 feces samples, respectively. The occurrence rate was 89.80%. In conclusion, the established TaqMan RTm-PCR could rapidly detect BVDV and effectively identify PI cattle. The detection limit of RTm-PCR was 1.55 copies/μL. It will be beneficial for enhancing diagnosis and therapy efficacy and reduce losses in cattle farms.

The aim of trials was to determine the efficacy of three doses of herbicides in different weather conditions. There were tested two herbicide groups: hormon type herbicides and sulfonylurea herbicides. Each of the herbicide (Aminopielik Gold 530 EW, MCPA 750 SL, Duplosan Super 600 SL, Granstar 75 WG, Grody! 75 WG, Lintur 70 WG) was applied in three doses: recommended dose, 1/2 of recommended dose and 1/4 of recommended dose. The herbicides were applied in the tillering stage of spring wheat. In some cases it is possible reducing doses of herbicides but decision about choice of herbicide type and dose should be considered in connection with weather conditions before application.

W artykule poruszam problem dziedzictwa bizantyjskiego na Rusi w kontekście opinii XIX- i XX-wiecznych filozofów rosyjskich, głównie (neo)słowianofi-lów i (neo)okcydentalistów, m.in. Aleksego Chomiakowa, Iwana Kiriejewskiego, Pawła Florenskiego, Gieorgija Fłorowskiego, Konstantina Leontjewa, Gustawa Szpeta i Borysa Jakowienki. Pokazuję sprzeczności interpretacyjne, jakie pojawiają się w pismach tych myślicieli na temat ich własnej tradycji intelektualnej. W konkluzji staram się odpowiedzieć na pytanie, dlaczego problem „bizantynizacji Rusi” (lub też jej braku) wywołuje kontrowersje wśród rosyjskiej elity intelektualnej.