This work investigates the compaction behaviour of commercial pure aluminium chips (CP Al) produced during a machining operation and subsequently consolidated by Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP). Empirical models were developed to describe the relative density and hardness of the compacted product of ECAP as functions of the initial machining input parameters including cutting edge angle (CA), depth of cut (DOC) and then the number of consolidation pass during ECAP. The models were developed utilizing response surface methodology (RSM) based on data from a central composite face centred factorial design of experiments approach. The models were then validated by using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The effect of input parameters on the relative density and hardness of the ECAP consolidated samples are presented and discussed including details as regards to the mechanical and microstructural properties. An optimum set of input parameters are identified and presented where the best relative density and hardness are demonstrated.

When machine tool spindles are running at a high rotation speed, thermal deformation will be introduced due to the generation of large amounts of heat, and machining accuracy will be influenced as a result, which is a generalized issue in numerous industries. In this paper, a new approach based on machine vision is presented for measurements of spindle thermal error. The measuring system is composed of a Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (CMOS) camera, a backlight source and a PC. Images are captured at different rotation angles during end milling process. Meanwhile, the Canny edge detection and Gaussian sub-pixel fitting methods are applied to obtain the bottom edge of the end mill which is then used to calculate the lowest point coordinate of the tool. Finally, thermal extension of the spindle is obtained according to the change of the lowest point at different time steps of the machining process. This method is validated through comparison with experimental results from capacitive displacement sensors. Moreover, spindle thermal extension during the processing can be precisely measured and used for compensation in order to improve machining accuracy through the proposed method.

The dispute between Poland and Germany over the northern parts of roadstead adjacent to Świnoujście and Szczecin sea ports casts a shadow on good relations between those nations. The dispute concerns the anchorage and the port approach route.
On 25 November 1994 Germany have unilaterally declared those areas part of their exclusive economic zone.

The Author advocates for solutions envisaged in international agreement on maritime border delimitation between former People Republic of Poland and former German Democratic Republic. The agreement was signed in Berlin on 22 May 1989.

The paper presents a model for calculations of the temperature field in electric mine motors with a water cooled frame. That model was worked out with use of modified and improved thermal networks developed by the author for determining the temperature distributions in different types of ac machines. Thermal calculations for a selected type of 400 kW mining motor were performed with use of an original computer program. Their results were compared with those obtained from measurements. On the basis of the verified simulation results there was determined the influence of value changes of parameters characterising the work environment condition (ambient temperature, inlet temperature and cooling water discharge, degree of covering the casing with coal dust) on the mining motor thermal state.

The article illustrates the destructive influence of language policy in the era of totalitarianism on the grammatical system of the Ukrainian literary language on the example of the endings of the genitive case of singular nouns in the 3rd declension. According to the “Ukrainian orthography” of various years of publication, we can trace the norm of using the endings of the genitive case of singular nouns of the 3rd declension over the past 100 years. The elimination of the ending ‐u from the grammatical system of word change of nouns of the 3rd declension in 1933 was recorded. This gives reasons to qualify this ending as repression. Founding on the historically determined regularities of the development of the grammatical system of the Ukrainian language, the need to return the ending ‐u to the edition of “Ukrainian orthography” in 2019 was justified. It was established that despite the democratization of society, the tendency towards the revival of national identity, the desire of Ukrainian‐oriented speakers to establish and return the specific foundations of Ukrainian literary languages, the re‐codification of the ending ‐и in the 21st century could not restore its active use in language practice. Based on the results of a questionnaire, we found out the main reasons for the non‐observance of the returned morphological norm by modern speakers. We concluded as to the disastrous consequences of the grammatical heritage formed in the Soviet period on the language practice of the third millennium. Ways to improve this situation are proposed.