In this work, numerical modeling of steady state heat and mass transfer is presented. Both laminar and hydrodynamically fully developed turbulent flow in a pipe are shown. Numerical results are compared with values obtained from analytical solution of such problems. The problems under consideration are often denoted as extended Graetz problems. They occur in heat exchangers using liquid metals as working fluid, in cooling systems for electric components or in chemical process lines. Calculations were carried out gradually decreasing the mesh size in order to examine the convergence of numerical method to analytical solution.

Microscale combined heat and power (CHP) unit based on solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) for distributed generation was analyzed. Operation principle is provided, and the technology development in recent years is briefly discussed. System baseline for numerical analysis under steady-state operation is given. Grid-connected unit, fuelled by biogas corresponds to potential market demand in Europe, therefore has been selected for analysis. Fuel processing method for particular application is described. Results of modeling performed in ASPEN Plus engineering software with certain assumptions are presented and discussed. Due to high system electrical efficiency exceeding 40%, and overall efficiency over 80%, technology is an example of highly competitive and sustainable energy generation unit.

In the paper the reburning process has been characterised. A dependence of NOx in flue gas content decreasing efficiency on some parameters has been pointed. During experiment the reburning process has been controlled with pulse disturbation of reburning fuel injection. An increasing of NOx reduction efficiency has been noticed, due to pulsations intensifying mixing process in reduction zone.

This paper describes influence of cargo lorry traveling at high speed under a lightweight footbridge on the structure vibrations. The unsteady CFD simulations were performed to obtain aerodynamic load functions on the footbridge. These loads were introduced to nonlinear structural dynamics transient calculation to obtain footbridge response. The influence of aerodynamic forces was evaluated in terms of pedestrian comfort and safety. Parametric study of the influence of vehicle speed, structure clearance, cabin deflectors and distance between lorries grouped in convoy is also presented.

This paper presents the dynamics of gender inequalities at Polish universities in the years 2004–2021. Instead of the usual shares of women among all university graduates and employees, I analyse the degrees and titles awarded in this period. The gender imbalance among university graduates persists, with women obtaining twice as many master's degrees as men. Among the new doctors, a small surplus of women appeared. The shares of women in habilitations and titles of professors substantially increased. The shares of women in engineering and technical sciences increased at all levels. Both among graduates and among scientists, the gender composition tends towards equality where women have been less numerous so far. However, a similar trend has not occurred where men obtained a minority of degrees and titles.

In our paper we discuss the development of analytical/periphrastic structures in Spa-nish such as the periphrastic passive voice, the periphrastic comparison of the adjec-tictive, and the periphrastic future tense. Moreover, we discuss the process of phonetic attrition within the noun paradigm and the development of the SVO word order from the SOV one. We take into consideration a stretch of time that starts in the pre-Proto-Indoeuropean period and ends in the period of Modern Spanish. One of our conclu-sions is that the development of analytical structures is part of a cyclical process.

All multifunctional units combine flocculation and sedimentation to improve efficiency of treatment process. The characteristic feature of the unit is a contact of raw water with previously generated floes which enhances flocculation by increasing interparticle collisions and sorption ability offloes. On the basis of the authors' experience it was stated that in spite of significant differences between the procedure of conventional treatment and treatment in multifunctional units, an optimum coagulant dose is determined in jar testing which is commonly used for conventional treatment. The influence of sludge recirculation is not taken into consideration resulting in reagent overdosing. In this paper the results of the research on coagulation with postcoagulation sludge recirculation in aspect of sludge age are presented. It was stated that for the tested water, sludge recirculation may result in significant lowering of optimum alum doses provided that a proper degree of fresh sludge recirculation is applied.

The aim of the study was to assess the course of posterior interosseous nerve in the wrist capsule in the transparent method of nerve staining.

M a t e r i a l a n d M e t h o d s: Thirty dorsal wrist capsules were collected bilaterally from 15 donors (thirty capsules) within 12 hours of death. By the dorsal incision the capsules were collected in the same manner. The specimens were stained according to the protocol of modified Sihler’s staining technique. The preserved capsules were analysed under 8–16× magnification of optical microscope for the presence of major posterior interosseous nerve trunks, their major and minor branches, and nerve connections.

R e s u l t s: Three main types of nerve course were identified within the joint capsule. Type I — the most common, with the presence of a single trunk with the excursion of the first main branch on the radial side, two main branches on the ulnar side, the presence of the prevailing number of small branches on the radial side and the presence of 3–4 branches extending beyond the level of the carpo-metacarpal joints. Type II with the presence of two main nerve trunks, running almost in parallel with the first main branch on the radial side, two main branches on the ulnar side with presence of a predominant number of small branches on the radial side and the presence of 3–4 branches running beyond the level of carpo-metacarpal joints. Type III (least often) with the presence of crossed main nerve trunks.

C o n c l u s i o n: The modified Sihler’s staining technique allows for transparent visibility of the nerves innervation the dorsal wrist capsule. However does not allow accurate assessment as histological examination, especially in evaluation of nerve endings, but it gives a significantly larger area of nerve observation.