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Abstract

European Union competition policy is shaped rather differently in particular economic sectors. The best example of this is maritime transport. In recent years this area has found itself at the center of the European Commission's attention. Inter alia, this has been caused by breaches in the prohibition of abuse of a dominant position. This situation is a result of a lack earlier of appropriate legal instruments that could permit the application of Union regulations in this area. Only in 1986 was decree nr 4056/86 issued, which established detailed regulations for applying article 81 and 82 of the Treaty of Rome to maritime transport. Those cases examined buy the European Commission and the European Court of Justice largely concern the still unclear issue of joint domination. The majority of offences is committed by maritime transport conferences, which by operating in conjunction abuse their dominant position.
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Authors and Affiliations

Agnieszka Resiak
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Abstract

The classic relationships concerning the harmonic content in the air gap field of three-phase machines are presented in form of series of rotating waves. The same approach is applied to modeling of permanent magnet motors with fractional phase windings. All main reasons of non-sinusoidal shape of flux density distribution, namely, magnets’ shape and their placement, slotting, magnetic saturation and eccentricity are also related to their counterparts in modal-frequency spectrum. The Fourier 2D spectrum of time-stepping finite element solution is confronted with results of measurements, with special attention paid to accuracy of both methods.

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Authors and Affiliations

Pawel Witczak
Witold Kubiak
Marcin Lefik
Jacek Szulakowski
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Abstract

The COVID pandemic very shortly became the world’s most serious social and economic problem. The paper’s focus is on the spatial aspect of its spread, with the aims being to point to spatial conditioning underpinning development and to identify and assess possible socio-economic features that have been exerting an impact. The authors’ work concern with a relatively large number of countries located in different parts of the world, as well as a quite lengthy time period – linked at least to the COVID-19 pandemic’s second phase of development. The co-occurrence of morbidity index and mortality index, with intentionally selected socioeconomic variables has been investigated. The results has been summarized by means of classification of countries regarding both indexes. The basic conclusion is that dependency of pandemic on environmental and socio-economic conditioning is becoming more complex and ambiguous, as well as displaced gradually by a concrete political decisions.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Bański
1
Marcin Mazur
1

  1. Instytut Geografii i Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania PAN, Warszawa
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Abstract

The purpose of the work was to determine the relationship between the of the water quality parameters in an artificial reservoir used as cooling ponds. Multivariate methods, cluster analysis and factor analysis were applied to analyze eighteen physico-chemical parameters such as air and water temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, visibility of the Secchi disk, concentrations of total nitrogen, ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus, phosphate, concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chlorides, sulfates and total dissolved salts, pH, chemical oxygen demand and electric conductivity from 2002-2017 to investigated cooling water discharge. Hierarchical cluster analysis (CA) allowed identified five different clusters that reflect the different water quality characteristics of the water system. Similar results were obtained in exploratory factor analysis, five factors were obtained with 65.96% total variance. However, confirmatory factor analysis showed that four latent variables: salinity, temperature, eutrophication, and ammonia provide better fit to the data than a five-factor structure. Correlations between latent variables temperature, eutrophication and ammonia show a significant effect of temperature on the transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Mazierski
1
Maciej Kostecki
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland

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