Who owns the city? Do the inhabitants of modern cities have a reflection on their place of everyday life? Do they treat the city as commons? Do they feel co-responsible for the directions of development of their cities? Answers to the above questions have far-reaching consequences for urban development policy. They are the basis for assessing the ongoing democratization processes in the local government sphere. They also reveal important aspects of the condition of civil society. Although, on the basis of various indicators the trend is positive, it seems that the awareness of the role of the citizen versus the ordinary resident is poorly rooted in the attitudes of the Polish people. And the lesson of citizenship is still an undisrupted task for a large part of the inhabitants of our country. The greatest hopes lie in the generation of young and educated Poles who, through the development of participative management mechanisms, are becoming more aware of the possibilities of citizens’ influence on urban policy. The article is an attempt to answer the above questions based on literature review, current press articles and empirical studies conducted among a group of students.

Correctional staff is particularly exposed to occupational stress which in turn can have a negative impact on their job performance. This study attempted to analyse the role of personality, organizational factors, and stress coping strategies in shaping job satisfaction. 163 correctional staff members who were being trained at the Central Training Centre of Correctional Services in Kalisz, Poland, participated in the study. The following tools were used: The Bochum Inventory of Personal Work Features (BIP), the Multiphasic Inventory for Measuring Coping (COPE), and the Satisfaction with Job Scale (SSP).

Staff working directly with inmates scored the lowest in terms of job satisfaction. Social sensibility is a predictor of job satisfaction among each study subgroup and each correctional department and correctional staff as a whole. Correlates of job satisfaction among correctional officers were: Active coping with stressful situations and Seeking social support for emotional and instrumental reasons.

It is challenging to obtain proper leaf wetting. An angled spray could overcome this impediment, but which spray angle is best suited to droplet size is still unknown. In an outdoor pot experiment, seven doses of cycloxydim and sethoxydim were sprayed with single-orifice standard, anti-drift, and air induction (having a fine, medium, and extremely coarse spray quality, respectively) flat fan nozzles, using spray angles of 10°, 20° backward, 0° (vertical), 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, and 60° forward relative to the direction of nozzle trajectory on wild barley at the three-leaf stage. Generally, the forward angled spray was better than the backward angled spray. With a standard flat fan nozzle, the forward angling of spray from 0° to 20° reduced the ED50 from 60.24 to 39.85 g a.i. ⋅ ha−1 for cycloxydim and from 150.51 to 81.13 g a.i. ⋅ ha−1 for sethoxydim. With an anti-drift flat fan nozzle, the forward angling of spray from 0° to 30° reduced the ED50 from 72.57 to 50.20 g a.i. ⋅ ha−1 for cycloxydim and from 181.94 to 104.51 g a.i. ⋅ ha−1 for sethoxydim. With an air induction flat fan nozzle, the forward angling of spray from 0° to 40° reduced the ED50 from 102.96 to 45.52 g a.i. ⋅ ha−1 for cycloxydim and from 209.91 to 92.80 g a.i. ⋅ ha−1 for sethoxydim. More angling did not improve the efficacy of these herbicides. Our results revealed that larger spray droplets needed more spray angle than smaller spray droplets to achieve an equal control.

The aim of this article is to examine the interrelations between the notions of will, power and desire in Pierres noires : les classes moyennes du salut, a novel by Joseph Malègue (1876-1940), published posthumously in 1958. The analysis, focused on the notion of powerlessness, englobes two main aspects of the problem: the philosophical one (Bergson’s influence on Malègue, in particular that of Les deux sources de la morale et de la religion, 1932), and the socio-historical (the prism of Halévy’s La fin de notables, 1930).

Highly immunogenic nucleotide fragments from 3 genes of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae strain 232 were selected using information software technology. After repeating each fragment three times, a total of 9 nucleotide fragments were joined together to form a new nucleotide sequence called Mhp232_1092bp. Mhp232_1092bp was directly synthesized and cloned into a pET100 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. After purification, the proteins were successfully validated by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting using mouse His-tag antibody and pig anti-Mhp serum. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally injected with purified proteins in the high-dose (100 μg), medium-dose group (50 μg) and low-dose (10 μg) groups. Mice in each group were injected on day 1, day 8 and day 15 of feeding, respectively. Serum samples were collected from all mice on the day before immunization and on day 22 after immunization. The antibody level in the mouse serum was detected using western blotting using purified expressed proteins as antigens. IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ were simultaneously detected in the mouse serum by ELISA. The results showed that the 60 kDa protein was successfully expressed and reacted specifically with the specific serum Mhp His-Tag mouse monoclonal antibody and pig anti-Mhp serum. From day 0 to day 22 of immunization, IFN-γ increased from 269.52 to 467.74 pg/mL, IL-2 increased from 14.03 to 145.16 pg/mL, and TNF-α increased from 6.86 to 12.37 pg/mL. The IgG antibody in mice increased significantly from 0 day to day 22 after immunization. This study suggests that the expressed recombinant protein may serve as one of the novel vaccine candidates for Mhp.