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Abstract

Modern construction standards, both from the ACI, EN, ISO, as well as EC group, introduced numerous statistical procedures for the interpretation of concrete compressive strength results obtained on an ongoing basis (in the course of structure implementation), the values of which are subject to various impacts, e.g., arising from climatic conditions, manufacturing variability and component property variability, which are also described by specific random variables. Such an approach is a consequence of introducing the method of limit states in the calculations of building structures, which takes into account a set of various factors influencing structural safety. The term “concrete family” was also introduced, however, the principle of distributing the result or, even more so, the statistically significant size of results within a family was not specified. Deficiencies in the procedures were partially supplemented by the authors of the article, who published papers in the field of distributing results of strength test time series using the Pearson, ��-Student, and Mann–Whitney U tests. However, the publications of the authors define neither the size of obtained subset and their distribution nor the probability of their occurrence. This study fills this gap by showing the size of a statistically determined concrete family, with a defined distribution of the probability of its isolation.
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Bibliography

[1] A. Sarja, “Durability design of cocnrete structures – Committee report 130-CSL”, Materials and Structures, 2017, vol. 33, pp. 14–20, DOI: 10.1007/BF02481691.
[2] Concrete according to standard PN EN 206-1 – commentary – collective work supervised by prof. Lech Czarnecki. Kraków: Polski Cement, 2004.
[3] I. Skrzypczak,W.Kokoszka, J. Zieba, A. Lesniak, D. Bajno, Ł. Bednarz, “AProposal of a Method for Ready- Mixed Concrete Quality Assessment Based on Statistical-Fuzzy Approach”, Materials, 2020, vol. 13, no. 24, DOI: 10.3390/ma13245674.
[4] I. Skrzypczak, L. Buda-Ozóg, J. Zieba, “Dual CUSUM chart for the quality control of concrete family”, Cement Wapno Beton, CWB, 2019, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 276–285, DOI: 10.32047/CWB.2019.24.4.3.
[5] I. Skrzypczak, L. Buda-Ozóg, T. Pytlowany, “Fuzzy method of conformity control for compressive strength of concrete on the basis of computational numerical analysis”, Meccanica, 2016, vol. 51, pp. 383–389, DOI: 10.1007/s11012-015-0291-0.
[6] J. Jasiczak, “Probabilistic Criteria for the Control of Compressive Strength Stabiilization in Concrete”, Foundations of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2011, no. 14, pp. 47–61.
[7] J. Jasiczak, M. Kanoniczak, Ł. Smaga, “Standardized concept of a concrete family on the example of continuous Spiroll board production”, Budownictwo i Architektura, 2014, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 99–108.
[8] J. Jasiczak, M. Kanoniczak, Ł. Smaga, “Statistical division of compressive strength results on the aspect of concrete family concept”, Computers and Concrete, 2014, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 145–161.
[9] J. Jasiczak, M. Kanoniczak, L. Smaga, “Stochastic identity of test result series of the compressive strength of concrete in industrial production conditions”, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 2015, vol. 15, pp. 584–592.
[10] J. Jasiczak, M. Kanoniczak, Ł. Smaga, “Division of Series of Concrete Compressive Strength Results into Concrete Families in Terms of Seasons within Annual Work Period”, Journal of Computer Engineering& Information Technology, 2017, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 1–9, DOI: 10.4172/2324-9307.1000198.
[11] J. Jasiczak, M. Kanoniczak, “Justified adoption of normative values ������ and ������ in the estimation of concrete classification for small samples”, Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture, JCEEA, 2017, vol. XXXIV, no. 64 (3/I/17), pp. 203–212, DOI: 10.7862/rb.2017.115.
[12] J. Jasiczak, “The concept of ’over-strength of concrete’ in the tender procedure for concrete objects of communication infrastructure”, BTA, 2017, no. 1, pp. 64–68 (in Polish).
[13] L. Taerwe, “Basic aspect of quality control of concrete”, in “Utilizing Redy Mix Concrete and Mortar”, Proceedings of the International Conference. UK, Scotland, 1999, pp. 221–235.
[14] N.K. Nagwani, “Estimating the concrete compressive strength using hard clustering and fuzzy clustering based regression techniques”, The Scientific World Journal, 2014, vol. 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/381549.
[15] R. Caspeele, L. Taerwe, “Conformity control of concrete based on the ’concrete family’ concept”, in Proceedings of the 5th International Probabilistic Control, 28–29 Nov.2007. Ghent, 2007, pp. 241-252.
[16] R Core Team: A language and environment for statistical computing.RFoundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.R-project.org/.
[17] S.Wolinski, “Evaluating the quality of concrete using standardized methods and according to fuzzy logic”, in “Dni Betonu” Conference, Kraków: Polski Cement, 2006, pp. 1121–1131 (in Polish).
[18] T. Górecki, Basics of statistics with examples in R. Legionowo: BTC, 2011.
[19] Z. Kohutek, “Concrete family – concept genesis, terminology, criteria and general creation principles”, Przeglad Budowlany, 2010, no. 10, pp. 26–31 (in Polish).
[20] EN 1992:2008 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures.
[21] ISO 2394:2000 General principles on reliability for structures.
[22] PN–EN 206–1: 2003 Concrete. Part 1: Requirements, properties, production and conformity.
[23] PN-EN 206¸A1:2016-12. Concrete. English version.
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Authors and Affiliations

Józef Jasiczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Marcin Kanoniczak
1
ORCID: ORCID
Łukasz Smaga
2
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Poznan University of Technology, Faculty of Civil and Transport Engineering, Piotrowo 5, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
  2. Adam Mickiewicz University, Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
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Abstract

In 1989–2017 women’s magazines were an important segment of Poland’s media market dominated by international publishing houses like Bauer Media, Edipresse Polska and Burda International. Each year they launched new leads (a total of about one hundred in that period). Most of them were successful in terms of sales and ad revenue. This article tries to chart the quantitative changes and major trends in the women’s magazines market as well as analyze the role of foreign capital in its development.

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Authors and Affiliations

Olga Dąbrowska-Cendrowska
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Abstract

A multi-laminate constitutive model for soft soils incorporating structural anisotropy is presented. Stress induced anisotropy of strength, which is present in multi-laminate type constitutive models, is augmented by directionally distributed overconsolidation. The model is presented in theelastic-plastic version in order to simulate strength anisotropy of soft clayey soils and destructuration effects. Performance of the model is shown for some element tests and for the numericalsimulation of a trial road embankment constructed on soft clays at Haarajoki, Finland. The numerical calculations are completed with the commercial finite element code capable to performcoupled static/consolidation analysis of soils. Problems related to the initiation of in situ stress state, conditions of preconsolidation, as well as difficulties linked to estimation of the model parametersare discussed. Despite simple assumptions concerning field conditions and non-viscous formulationof the constitutive model, the obtained final results are of a sufficient accuracy for geotechnical practice.

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Authors and Affiliations

M. Cudny
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Abstract

Tomasz Zan was one of the leaders of the Philomatic Association, a secret student organization that existed from 1817 to 1823 at the Imperial University of Wilno (Vilnius). This article deals with his autobiographical novel made up of letters he wrote between 1815 and 1823. As the assembled letters do not follow the author’s life in chronological order, the text has be read outside the formal categories of an autobiographical record, with due attention to the poetics of the fragment. Moreover, the textual narrator is not always a representative of the author. The occasional use of a persona suggests that the letters are not underpinned by a consistent and well-defined narrative “I”. It seems that in so far as Zan’s identity inscribed in the text appears fuzzy or disparate, its accurate reconstruction would not be possible without an analysis of the tropological system of his letters.
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Authors and Affiliations

Martyna Olejniczak
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Wydział Filologii Polskiej i Klasycznej, Uniwersytet im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu (Szkoła Doktorska Nauk o Języku i Literaturze)

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