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Abstract

The present qualitative study sought to unravel English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ perceptions and experiences of classroom justice and injustice. By employing purposive sampling, 31 EFL teachers in Iran were targeted to respond to an open-ended questionnaire. Subsequently, five of them took part in a follow-up, semi-structured interview. All data analyses were conducted via MAXQDA software. The main findings of the study were as follows; (1) The procedural, interactional, and distributive justice dimensions emerged in the teachers’ accounts of justice and injustice; (2) classroom justice was highlighted more saliently in teachers’ accounts than classroom injustice; (3) the teachers mainly had positive evaluations of their justice practices; and (4) they regarded educational and institutional factors, student-related factors, and teacher-related factors as the three major sources of challenges faced by EFL teachers when enacting classroom justice. It is hoped that by unraveling and reflecting on their justice and injustice behaviors, EFL teachers be prompted to go for their instructional justice betterment and more skillfully handle daily challenges that they face when trying to act fairly in the classroom.
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Authors and Affiliations

Masoomeh Estaji
1
Kiyana Zhaleh
1

  1. Department of English Language and Literature, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran
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Abstract

Light sources and luminaires made in the LED technology are nowadays widely used in industry and at home. The use of these devices affects the operation of the power grid and energy efficiency. To estimate this impact, it is important to know the electrical parameters of light sources and luminaires, especially with the possibility of dimming. The article presents the results of measurements of electrical parameters as well as luminous flux of dimmable LED luminaires as a function of dimming and RMS supply voltage. On the basis of the performed measurements, a model of LED luminaire was developed for prediction of electrical parameters at set dimming values and RMS values of the supply voltage. The developed model of LED luminaire has 2 inputs and 26 outputs. This model is made based on 26 single models of electrical parameters, whose input signals are supply and control voltages. The linear regression method was used to develop the models. An example of the application of the developed model for the prediction of electrical parameters simulating the operation of an LED luminaire in an environment most similar to real working conditions is also presented.
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Authors and Affiliations

Roman Sikora
1
ORCID: ORCID
Przemysław Markiewicz
1
ORCID: ORCID
Paweł Rózga
1

  1. Institute of Electrical Power Engineering, Łódz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Abstract

Die Methodenvielfalt in der Liturgiewissenschaft

Zusammenfassung

Die Liturgiewissenschaft als eigene theologische Disziplin verwendet in ihrer wissenschaftlichen Forschung verschiedene Methoden. Außer bisher am öftesten gebrauchten historisch-genetischen und synthetisch-theologischen Methoden muss sie heutzutage auch die Methoden, die aus der pastoralen Dimension der Liturgie hervorgehen, verwenden. Daher müssen die Methoden benutzt werden, welche man in den Humanwissenschaften verwendet um die interdisziplinäre Forschung zu ermöglichen. Die besondere Bedeutung haben die hermeneutischen Methoden der Textkritik. Mann soll nach der Semantik, Syntaktik und Pragmatik der verschiedenen Elemente des Textes fragen. Die Liturgie als die Welt der Außenzeichen und Symbole muss auch mit der empirischen Methoden erforscht werden (Fragebogen, Interview und Beobachtung), wie man es in den Sozialwissenschaften tut. Die obengenanten Methoden werden abhängig vom Forschungsziel und Aufgabenkreis verwendet.

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Authors and Affiliations

Ks. Helmut J. Sobeczko

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