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Określenie przyczyny wysokoenergetycznych wstrząsów górotworu na podstawie parametrów mechanizmu ognisk

Krystyna Stec
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2017 | Nr 101 | 19-32
Keywords wstrząs sejsmiczny mechanizm ogniska naprężenia główne
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Abstract

Celem badań było określenie przyczyny występowania wysokoenergetycznych wstrząsów (energia E ≥ 1,0E+05 J) w rejonie ściany A położonej pokładzie 405/2 w znajdującej się w zachodniej części siodła głównego w Górnośląskim Zagłębiu Węglowym. W badaniach wykorzystano metodę inwersji tensora momentu sejsmicznego dającą w wyniku parametry mechanizmu ognisk (procentowy udział składowych: izotropowej, jednoosiowego ściskania lub rozciągania, składowej ścinającej; azymut i upad płaszczyzn nodalnych; kierunki osi naprężeń tensyjnych i kompresyjnych). Parametry te są wielkościami, które opisują procesy zachodzące w ogniskach wstrząsów i posiadają wyraźny związek z warunkami naprężeniowymi w danym rejonie. Na podstawie otrzymanych parametrów wyznaczono kierunki naprężeń głównych s1, s2, s3 oraz pozostałe parametry takie jak: parametr R = (s2 – s3)/s1 – s3); naprężenie normalne s i ścinania t przy założeniu, że s1 = 1 a s3 = 0; kierunek osi ściskania – rozciągana, kierunek naprężenia horyzontalnego. Przeprowadzone badania wykazały, że przyczyną występowania wysokoenergetycznych wstrząsów podczas eksploatacji ściany A w pokładzie 405/2 była dynamiczna destrukcja warstw stropowych, które uzyskały możliwość przemieszczenia się w kierunku przestrzeni powstałej po wyeksploatowaniu pokładu. Dodatkowym czynnikiem znacznie potęgującym ten proces był udział istniejących w górotworze naprężeń, które pochodziły od występujących w tym rejonie krawędzi i lokalnych uskoków. Wyniki badań stanowiły dodatkową informację dla określenia stanu zagrożenia tąpaniami w tym rejonie. Mianowicie, ze względu na niebezpieczne warunki (parametry naprężeniowe odpowiadające górotworowi o dużej wytrzymałości na ścinanie, w którym wstrząsy cechują się silniejszym oddziaływaniem dynamicznym) wykonane zostały w tym rejonie dodatkowe działania profilaktyczne – strzelania wstrząsowe.

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Authors and Affiliations

Krystyna Stec

Characteristics of waste after pyrolysis of tyres and analysis of its potential use

Dorota Czarna-Juszkiewicz Magdalena Wdowin Piotr Kunecki Paweł Baran Rafał Panek Robert Żmuda
Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi Polskiej Akademii Nauk | 2018 | Nr 107 | 19–32 | DOI: 10.24425/znigsme.2018.125802
Keywords tire pyrolysis pyrolyzate activated carbon chemical-mineralogical characteristics
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Abstract

It is estimated that the amount of used car tires in the European Union in 2016 was established at the level of 3,515,000 Mg, which is undoubtedly a problem from the point of view of engineering and environmental protection. An alternative to storing this waste in landfills is their pyrolysis. As a result of thermal decomposition, calorific value products (oil and gas fraction) are obtained, as well as a solid residue, which due to its composition and properties can be processed into a high quality carbon sorbent. For this purpose, various methods of modification of the pyrolyzate are used, both involving physical and chemical activation. This article presents the characteristics of solid residue after the pyrolysis of rubber tires running at a temperature of about 400°C, which included an analysis of chemical composition (XRF and IR), mineralogical composition (XRD, SEM-EDS) and textural characteristics. Additionally, for the purpose of activation, the sample was treated with nitrogen at a temperature of 550°C. The mineralogical analysis showed that the dominant mineral component is carbon. In addition, the presence of quartz, calcite and sphalerite was observed. Analysis of the chemical composition suggests that due to the high carbon content (about 80% by mass) it is possible for a carbon sorbent from the analyzed waste to be obtained. However, previous preliminary studies did not allow a material constituting a substitute for activated carbon to be obtained, because the applied modification only slightly increased the BET specific surface area, which reached the value of approx. 85 m2/g. Based on the analysis of the pore size distribution of the 2 tested samples, it was found to be homogeneous/modal with a micro/mesoporous nature, while the shape of the hysteresis loop suggests the presence of “bottle shape” pores. Due to the relatively high content of zinc, the composition of waste (about 4% of mass), the possibility of recovery of this element should also be considered.

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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Czarna-Juszkiewicz
Magdalena Wdowin
Piotr Kunecki
Paweł Baran
Rafał Panek
Robert Żmuda

Voltage stability in low voltage microgrids in aspects of active and reactive power demand

Mirosław Parol Łukasz Rokicki
Archives of Electrical Engineering | 2016 | vol. 65 | No 1 March | 19-32 | DOI: 10.1515/aee-2016-0002
Keywords distributed generation microgrids voltage stability voltage stability margin indexes
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Abstract

Low voltage microgrids are autonomous subsystems, in which generation, storage and power and electrical energy consumption appear. In the paper the main attention has been paid to the voltage stability issue in low voltage microgrid for different variants of its operation. In the introduction a notion of microgrid has been presented, and also the issue of influence of active and reactive power balance on node voltage level has been described. Then description of voltage stability issue has been presented. The conditions of voltage stability and indicators used to determine voltage stability margin in the microgrid have been described. Description of the low voltage test microgrid, as well as research methodology along with definition of considered variants of its operation have been presented further. The results of exemplary calculations carried out for the daily changes in node load of the active and reactive power, i.e. the voltage and the voltage stability margin indexes in nodes have been presented. Furthermore, the changes of voltage stability margin indexes depending on the variant of the microgrid operation have been presented. Summary and formulation of conclusions related to the issue of voltage stability in microgrids have been included at the end of the paper.
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Authors and Affiliations

Mirosław Parol
Łukasz Rokicki

Intelektualiści-naukowcy: Autonomiczno-zaangażowana nauka w Europie Środkowej pomiędzy „czystą” a „polityczną” nauką 1848–1938

Johannes Feichtinger
Historyka Studia Metodologiczne | 2013 | vol. 43 | 19-32
Keywords historia Europy Środkowej historia intelektualna historia nauki autonomia Wiedeń fin-de-siècle
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Authors and Affiliations

Johannes Feichtinger

Polish Hydrogen Strategy – regulatory challenges in the European perspective

Dagmara Dragan
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2021 | vol. 24 | No 2 | 19-32
Keywords Polish Hydrogen Strategy hydrogen decarbonized gases green hydrogen Polish Hydrogen Law
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Abstract

On 14 January 2021, the Polish Ministry of Climate and the Environment submitted for public consultation the draft Polish Hydrogen Strategy until 2030 with a perspective until 2040. The project defines goals and activities related to developing national competencies and technologies for building a low-emission hydrogen economy. The draft announces the preparation of the “Hydrogen Law”, which is to be a package of changes to currently existing acts, particularly the Polish Energy Law. However, the proposals presented in the strategy do not seem to be fully consistent with the vision of the development of the future regulation of the hydrogen market presented by the European Commission. The article presents the Polish Hydrogen Strategy’s most important assumptions regarding the proposed legislative changes and discusses them in the context of the European strategy. The main focus is on two aspects related to the planned legislative changes that seem to be the most important at this stage in order to stimulate the development of the hydrogen market: the definition of hydrogen and the decision upon which production methods will be supported, and the future regulation of the hydrogen market.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dagmara Dragan
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Faculty of Law and Administration, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland

Selected aspects of national economy energy efficiency

Waldemar Dołęga
Polityka Energetyczna - Energy Policy Journal | 2019 | vol. 22 | No 3 | 19-32
Keywords energy efficiency economy energy intensity energy policy
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Abstract

In this paper, selected aspects of energy efficiency are shown. The European Union regulations in area of energy efficiency such as Directive 2012/27/EU, are discussed. The national legal regulations which describe energy efficiency such as the Energy Efficiency Act are presented. Principles concerning the obligation of energy savings and energy audits of enterprises are described. National, regional and local programs and measures concerning the improvement of energy efficiency are performed. These are horizontal measures and energy efficiency measures in: industry, transport, the buildings of public institutions and energy generation and supplies. National economy energy efficiency is shown. The energy intensity indicators (primary, final) and rate of their changes in last years are performed. Moreover, directions of undertakings connected with the possible future reduction in energy intensity of the national economy, are defined. An analysis of energy efficiency measures and solutions for the improvement of energy efficiency, especially in industry and households, is performed. The improvement of economy energy intensity indicators constitutes the most effective solution which brings significant economic, technical and environmental benefits such as an increase in economic innovation and its competitiveness, the improvement of the energy supply security level, a reduction in the consumption of natural resources and a reduction of air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. The conclusions contain an analysis of the present level of energy efficiency in Poland and the perspectives of its increase in the future along with the benefits connected with it.

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Authors and Affiliations

Waldemar Dołęga

Chopping the fuzzy logic of the active ↔ passive opposition in english verbs

Gina Măciucă
LINGUISTICA SILESIANA | 2011 | vol. 32 | 19-32
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Abstract

With a plethora of factors at work blurring the notoriously tenuous distinction between active and passive interpretations of verb constructions, one might with good reason express doubt as to whether establishing hard and fast principles for differentiating them is at all a sensible task. After a brief survey of passivum tantum -and basically passive verbs, as well as of chameleon-like, statal and dynamic passives, the author of the present contribution takes it upon herself to closer investigate the verbal or adjectival status exhibited by a series of -ed forms – as cited by various linguists (Stein, Quirk et al, Downing & Locke, Dixon) – with a view to advancing a more rigorous classifi cation of -ed for-ms based on the syntactico-semantic description of their individual behaviour in the various combinations analysed. The table submitted shows -ed forms located on an imaginary scale spanning passivehood from bona fide dynamic passives to copular complementation, with four further partitions in between. In the concluding section the author further glosses the subcategorization proposed, in that she provides the semantico-pragmatic motivation underlying the rather difficult choices made in the process.

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Authors and Affiliations

Gina Măciucă

Iseut la signora del medioevo: una lettura al femminile del Tristan et Iseut fra passione ed eros

Ciro Ranisi
Kwartalnik Neofilologiczny | 2022 | No 1 | 19-32 | DOI: 10.24425/kn.2022.141247
Keywords chansons de geste romans courtois fin’Amors seduction woman love Eros Thanatos
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Abstract

Tristan et Iseut represents one of the most famous profane literary works of the 12th century. In its original form, the novel was conceived in parte hominum. The first editions were entitled ‘Le Roman de Tristan’ and the plot was articulated around the figure of the male hero. As the work spread throughout courts and villages alike, among ordinary people, attention increasingly shifted from Tristan to Isolde. This work attempts to analyse samples of the various versions of Tristan and Isolde through the figure of the female protagonist. The synchronic and diachronic analysis pays particular attention to aspects related to eros and passion, as useful elements to reveal the broader theme of the status of women in the Middle Ages and its relationship with sexuality.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ciro Ranisi
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Università Degli Studi Federico II
  2. Università degli Studi Suor Orsola Benincasa

The visualization of geophysical and geomorphologic data from the area of Weddell Sea by the generic mapping tools

Polina Lemenkova
Studia Quaternaria | 2021 | vol. 38 | No 1 | 19-32 | DOI: 10.24425/sq.2020.133759
Keywords Weddell Sea Antarctic GMT cartography geophysics
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Abstract

The paper concerns GMT application for studies of the geophysical and geomorphological settings of the Weddell Sea. Its western part is occupied by the back-arc basin developed during geologic evolution of the Antarctic. The mapping presents geophysical settings reflecting tectonic formation of the region, glaciomarine sediment distribution and the bathymetry. The GlobSed grid highlighted the abnormally large thickness of sedimentary strata resulted from the long lasting sedimentation and great subsidence ratio. The sediment thickness indicated significant influx (>13,000m) in the southern segment. Values of 6,000–7,000 m along the peninsula indicate stability of the sediments influx. The northern end of the Filchner Trough shows increased sediment supply. The topography shows variability -7,160–4,763 m. The ridges in the northern segment and gravity anomalies (>75 mGal) show parallel lines stretching NW-SE (10°–45°W, 60°–67°S) which points at the effects of regional topography. The basin is dominated by the slightly negative gravity >-30 mGal. The geoid model shows a SW-NE trend with the lowest values <18 m in the south, the highest values >20m in the NE and along the Coats Land. The ripples in the north follow the geometry of the submarine ridges and channels proving correlation with topography and gravitational equipotential surface.
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Authors and Affiliations

Polina Lemenkova
1
ORCID: ORCID
  1. Schmidt Institute of Physics of the Earth, Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Natural Disasters, Anthropogenic Hazards and Seismicity of the Earth, Laboratory of Regional Geophysics and Natural Disasters, Bolshaya Gruzinskaya Str. 10, Bld. 1, Moscow, 123995, Russian Federation;

Winter snow accumulation and discharge from the Waldemar Glacier, northwestern Spitsbergen in 1996-1998

Marek Grześ Ireneusz Sobota
Polish Polar Research | 2000 | vol. 21 | No 1 | 19-32
Keywords Arctica Spitsbergen Waldemar Glacier snow accumulation winter discharge naled
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Abstract

Studies of a snow cover on the Waldemar Glacier have been carried out during three spring seasons. In spite of its small area, there is considerable spatial variation in snow deposition on the Waldemar Glacier, different during successive seasons. Winter snow accumulation was the highest in 1995/96 (75 cm in water equivalent), but almost similar in 1996/97 and 1997/98, equal to 48 cm and 42 cm w.e., respectively. Snow cover shows specific physico-chemical features, with many sorts of snow different in its structure, hardness, density and moistening. All analysed snow profiles comprised layers of different grain size and hardness. Volume of water trapped in naledies was estimated to about 457,000 m3 in May 1998. The average winter runoff from the glacier was estimated to 0.024 m3/s i.e. about 91/s.km2.

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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Grześ
Ireneusz Sobota

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