The author discusses the world-wide regulation of international disputes against the background ofarticle 33 of the United Nations Charter, the UN Convention on the law of the sea from 1982, and other international legal documents. International custom plays a separate role in the determination of international disputes. In a further part of the article, the author interprets among other matters: the character of maritime disputes and the procedure for arbitration; international maritime disputes against the background of the UN Convention on the law of the sea from 1982; the settling of maritime disputes related to property through arbitration.

Our recognition and quantitative characterization of real-word phenomena cannot be complete (indeed being impossible in many situations) unless we account for the great role played by randomness.

In the manufacturing sector, the processing of magnesium alloys through the liquid casting route is one of the promising methods to manufacture automotive and aircraft components, for their excellent mechanical properties at the lower weight. Investment casting process has the great cabaility to produce near net shape complex castings for automotive and aircraft applications. The distinct and attractive engineering properties of magnesium alloys have shown to be promising in terms of its potential to replace materials such as cast iron, steel, and aluminum In this regard, the efforts to develop processing technology for these alloys for their wide range of applications in industries have been reported by the scientific and engineering community. For successful production of magnesium alloy castings, it requires specialized foundry techniques because of the particular chemical and physical properties of magnesium; especially the reactive and oxidative nature of these alloys. The industry is young enough, to tap the potential.

Phytophthora citricoia dominated among 11 genera and fungal species isolated from Rhododendron brachycarpum, R. catawbiense, R. impeditum and R. sepedonicum. In greenhouse trial isolates from Abies concolor, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, R. catawbiense, R. impeditum and Thuya occidentalis caused dieback of rhododendron. Inoculation of leaf blades with isolates of the pathogen from 4 cultivars resulted in the spread of necrosis about 0.63 mm/hr. P. citricola was pathogenic to all tested rhododendron cultivars.

A deformation sensing technique with a multimode plastic optical fibre based on intensity speckle patterns’ correlation coefficient measurement has been presented. Influence of the average speckle size on results of deformation measuring has been studied and discussed. The presented sensing technique provides a good linear response to the applied deformation in a relatively wide operation region. It is shown that the proposed technique is highly sensitive, low-cost and simple to implement in practice.

Photofield emission from SiGe nanoislands formed by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) have been investigated. Two types of nanoislands, namely the domes and pyramids with different heights, have been addressed. It was found that the arrays of SiGe nanoislands exhibited a low onset voltage for field emission. The increase of emission current and the decrease of the curve slope in Fowler-Nordheim coordinates under green light illumination have been revealed. Electron field emission and photoemission from SiGe nanoislands have been explained based on the energy band diagram of Si-Ge heterostructure and some energy barriers have been determined.

Rozpoznawanie i ilościowe charakteryzowanie zjawisk otaczającego nas świata nie może być pełne (a w wielu sytuacjach jest wprost niemożliwe) bez uwzględnienia roli losowości. Losowość zdarzeń i zjawisk niepokoiła ludzi od najdawniejszych czasów; jej tajemnicza istota była i ciągle jest przedmiotem zainteresowania filozofii i metodologii nauki, zaś tkwiące w niej regularności odkrywane są przez matematykę i nauki empiryczne.

Evolution of many high technologies such as microelectronics, microsystem technology and nanotechnology involves design, application and testing of technical structures, whose size is being decreased continuously. Scanning probe microscopes (SPM) are therefore increasingly used as diagnostic and measurement instruments. Consequently the demand for standardized calibration routines for this kind of equipment rises. Up to now, there has been no in generally accepted guideline on how to perform SPM calibration procedure. In this article we discuss calibration scheme and focus on several critical aspects of SPM characterization e.g. the determination of the static and dynamic physical properties of the cantilever, the influence factors which need to be considered when plotting a scheme for the calibration of the force and displacement sensitivity.