The article presents the application of finite element method for estimating settlements of road embankments founded on the soil reinforced with vertical drains and preloading method. The ideaof the method was the transition from the solution of one-dimensional consolidation proposed for two-dimensional solution, while maintaining the same consolidation time and comparison withresults obtained from measurements settlements of road embankment which is a part of planned Gdańsk Southern Ring Road near Przejazdowo site.
In the presented work, the author introduces the ballistic energy absorbed by the shield mpV2BL/2 to elaborate the results of firing on homogeneous plates and multi – layered constructional shields. The introduced criterion V2BL is used to determine ballistic thickness hBL and ballistic velocity VBL under normal firing 7.62 mm ŁPS bullets.
The experimental tests were performed on an unified test stand to investigate ballistic resistance of materials in field conditions. The stand was developed at the Naval University of Gdynia and then patented. The design of this test stand was based on the construction of ballistic pendulum arranged for measuring: the impact forces, the turn angle of ballistic pendulum φ, initial and residual velocities of the bullet. All the measurement data were transmitted to a digital oscilloscope and personal computer. The energy absorbed by the shield was subject to further analysis of V2BL[R] according to Recht’s and Ipson’s method and of V2BL[Z] according to author’s method. The verification of the above-mentioned dependences was based on the results of the tests. The ballistic velocities VBL[R] and VBL[R] of the steel and steel – aluminium alloy shields with air interlayer thicknesses of 0, 6, 12 mm were approximately equal, however, they were quite different for aluminium alloy multi – layered shields, according to the results of firing 7.62 mm ŁPS bullets. These properties were confirmed by the average mass coefficients α2s and average effectiveness coefficients βs of the V2BL for the tested methods.
Fennoscandinavian erratics found in the glacial deposits till and in the glaciofluvial sediments within the main limit of the Odra glacier lobe (NW Poland and NE Germany), have been examined in two fractions: of 4-10 mm and 2060 mm. The most numerous in the fraction of 4-10 mm are: crystalline rocks (Cr; 35-40%) originating in the Protero zoic Baltic Shield as well as Lower Palaeozoic limestones (LPL; 35-40%) - from the sedimentary sheet covering the Proterozoic Baltic Shield in the area of central Baltic Sea. Percentage of sandstones (S) amounts to 10-15%. The re maining rock types (several percent each) are: Palaeozoic shales (PS), the outcrops of which are localized in Scania (Skane) and on Bornholm, Cretaceous limestones (CL) and flintstones (F) originating from the western part of the southern Baltic Sea as well as quartz (Q), milk quartz (MQ) and isolated grains of Devonian dolomites (DD). From the analysis of indicator erratics, which was carried out in the 20-60 mm fraction, it appears that mainly the outcrops localized in Smaland (e.g. red and grey Viixjo granites, Paskallavik porphyries or Tessini and Kalmarsund sandstones) as well as in Scania (Hoor and Hardeberga sandstones) and Region Blekinge-Bornholm (e.g. Karlshamn and Halen granites as well as Nexo and Bavnodde sandstones) had been subjected to the glacial plucking. Theoretical boulder centres (TBC, German: TGZ das Theoretische Geschiebezentrum, Uittig 1958), which were calculated for 23 samples, are localized mostly in a small area in Smiiland, between 15°E-16°E and 56.5°N-58.5°N. Apart from indicator erratics the statistical ones are numerous, that are first of all grey and red Lower Palaeozoic limestones with their outcrops localized at the bottom of the central Baltic Sea. Taking into account the TBC values of indicator erratics as well as high percentage of statistical erratics it can be pronounced that the section of central and western Baltic Sea as well as the one of south-eastern Sweden had been subjected to the heaviest glacial plucking by that part of the Pleistocene ice-sheet which reached the studied area during the Pomeranian Phase.