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Abstract

The paper presents a method of testing trends in spatial distribution of objects and phenomena. which has been called by the author ,,the spatial concentration method". For those fields of knowledge, where information about trends in spatial distribution of phenomena is important, two meanings of the term ,,concentration" arc used. With respect to functionality it means a mechanism of processes, which lead to Ji versification of concentration of tested objects or phenomena in space. With respect to the structural aspect, the term ,.concentration" is understood as description of certain conditions of the tested spatial system, i.e. conditions of higher or lower concentration of the system elements. This paper focuses on concentration with respect to the latter case. The proposed method of spatial concentration is a tool, which allows for wide research investigations. It has been assumed that concentration is specified with respect to a reference function, which is selected according to the objective of investigations. Therefore it is possible to investigate various aspects of trends in distribution of phenomena. It should be stressed that the proposed method is of general nature, in a sense that it also covers other methods of investigations, which have been based on measures of concentration; the proposed method also allows for searching for trends in spatial distribution of phenomena and objects. The algorithm of determination of spatial concentration, presented in a simple form, is the base for software development and for automation of investigations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Krzysztof Buczkowski
ORCID: ORCID
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Abstract

Stem base health of spring barley cultivated under organic, integrated and conventional systems and fungal communities were studied. A worst plant health status was observed in the organic system. The macroscopic and subsequent mycological analyses revealed the occurrence of Bipolaris sorokiniana and Fusarium spp. The incidence of B. sorokiniana on stem bases was clearly dependent on a farming system, and the highest incidence of this pathogen was observed in the organic system. Also, in that system, Fusarium spp. were isolated more numerously in the beginning of tillering, but in dough stage B. sorokiniana was the most prevalent pathogen, and Fusarium spp. were more numerous in integrated and conventional systems. It is worth to note that organic conditions could be favourable to Gliocladium spp. Because of growing interest in ecology, excluding the use of pesticides and increasing popularity of biological disease control, these antagonistic fungi could be useful in organic systems.

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Authors and Affiliations

Anna Baturo
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Abstract

The aim of the article is to examine the specific properties of language actions in terms of their moral evaluation. The author starts from the question whether responsibility for words has the same meaning as responsibility for a physical action. In her analysis, the author deliberates whether in both cases the same rules and criteria are applicable. Referring to the classical theory of speech acts proposed by John L. Austin, who introduced a fundamental division into constative and performative utterances and went on to distinguish illocutionary effects from perlocutionary consequences of speech acts, the author investigates how far a subject is responsible for the words he uses.

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Authors and Affiliations

Karolina Rozmarynowska

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