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On the rise of the ordinal number second in Middle English

LINGUISTICA SILESIANA | 2017 | vol. 38 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.24425/linsi.2017.117047

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Abstract

The article discusses the late Middle English replacement of the ordinal number other by the Romance loanword second. The major cause of the change was the ambiguity and polyfunctionality of the older native word. The study is based on the language material from the Dictionary of Old English Corpus, the Middle English Compendium and the Anglo-Norman Dictionary

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Authors and Affiliations

Rafał Molencki

Structural Characterization and Properties of Al/Fe Multi-Layer Composites Produced by Hot Pressing

W. Kowalski H. Paul I. Mania P. Petrzak P. Czaja R. Chulist A. Góral M. Szlezynger

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials | 2023 | vol. 68 | No 1 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.24425/amm.2023.141487

Keywords Fe/Al multilayered composite intermetallic phase electron microscopy microhardness test

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Abstract

This study aimed to develop Fe/Al multilayered metallic/intermetallic composites produced by hot pressing under an air atmosphere. Analyses were carried out on the composite plates made up of alternatively situated sheets of AA1050 aluminum alloy and DN04 low carbon steel, which were annealed at 903 K for 2, 5, and 10 h. Annealing was performed to obtain reaction layers of distinct thickness. The samples were examined using X-Ray diffraction and scanning and transmission electron microscope equipped with an energy-dispersive X-Ray spectrometer. To correlate the structural changes with mechanical properties, microhardness measurements in near-the-interface layers were performed. All the reaction layers grew with parabolic kinetics with η-Al5Fe2 intermetallic phase as the dominant component. After annealing for 5 and 10 hours, a thin sublayer of θ-Al13Fe4 phase was also detected.

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Authors and Affiliations

W. Kowalski

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

H. Paul

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

I. Mania

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Petrzak

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Czaja

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

R. Chulist

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Góral

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

M. Szlezynger

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Institute of Metallurgy and Materials Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 25 Reymonta Str., 30-059 Krakow, Poland

The Influence of the Casting Process on Shaping the Primary Structure of Mg-Li Alloys

Iwona Bednarczyk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 4 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.146688

Keywords Casting Mg-Li alloys Microstructure X-ray phase analysis

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Abstract

This paper presents the results of a study to determine the influence of casting parameters (cooling rate in the casting mould, casting temperature) on the primary structure of Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy ingots. The macro- and microstructure analysis of the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy was performed using light and electron microscopy techniques. Microhardness measurements were made for the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy and phase identification in the Mg-4%Li-1%Ca alloy was made using X-ray phase analysis.

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Bibliography

[1] Białobrzeski, A.& Saja, K. (2011). Experimental stand for melting and casting of ultralight Mg-Li alloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 11(3), 17-20.
[2] Bednarczyk, I., Kuc, D. & Mikuszewski, T.(2016). Microstructure and properties of Mg-Li-Re magnesium alloys.Hutnik-WH, 83(8), 321-323. (in Polish).
[3] Bin J. Heng-mei, Y. Rui-hong, L. & Liang, G. (2010). Grain refinement and plastic formability of Mg-14Li-1Al alloy.Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China. 1, 503-507. DOI: 10.1016/s1003-6326(10)60527-4.
[4] Liu, X., Zhan, H., Gu, S., Qu, Z., Wu, R. & Zhang, M. (2011).Superplasticity in a two-phase Mg– 8Li–2Zn alloy processed by two-pass extrusion. Materials Science and Engineering A. 528(19-20), 6157-6162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2011.04.073.
[5] Białobrzeski, A., Lech-Grega, M.& Żelechowski, J. (2010). Research on the structure of alloys based on magnesium and lithium with a two-phase α-β and single-phase ß structure.Prace Instytutu Odlewnictwa. L, 17-28. (in Polish).
[6] Zhou, Y., Bian, L., Chen, G. Wang, L. & Liang, W. (2015). Influence of Ca addition on microstructular evolution and mechanical properties of near-eutectic Mg-Li alloys by copper-mold suction casting. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 664. 85-91. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2015.12.198.
[7] Białobrzeski, A., Saja, K. & Hubner, K. (2007) Ultralightmagnesium-lithiumalloys. Archives of Foundry Engineering. 7(3), 11-16. ISSN(1897-3310).
[8] Jiang, B., Qiu, D., Zhang, M., Ding, P.& Gao, L. (2010). A new approach to grain refinement of an Mg-Li-Al cast alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 10(1-2), 96-98. DOI:10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.066.
[9] Grobner, J., Schmid-Fetzer, R., Pisch, A., Colinet, C., Pavlyuk, V.V., Dmytriv, G.S., Kevorkov, D.G. & Bodak, O.I. (2002). Phase equilibria, calorimetric study and thermodynamic modeling of Mg-Li-Ca alloys. Thermochimica Acta. 389(1-2), 85-94. DOI:10.1016/S0040-6031(01)00842-5.
[10] Song, G.S. &Kral, M.V. (2005) Characterization of cast Mg-Li-Ca alloys. Materials Characterization. (54)4-5, 279-286. DOI: 10.1016/j.matchar.2004.12.001.
[11] Cui, L. Sun, L.R., Zheng, Y. &Li, S. (2018). In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of Mg-Li-Ca alloys – the influence of Li content. Science China Materials, 61(4), 607-618.
[12] Zeng, R.C. Qi, W.C. & Cui, H.Z. (2015). In vitro corrosion of as-extruded Mg-Ca alloys – the influence of Ca concentration. Corrosion Science. 96. 23-31. DOI:10.1016/j.corsci.2015.03.018.
[13] Chang, T., Wang, J., Chu, Ch., Lee, S (2006). Mechanical properties and microstructures of various Mg–Li alloys.Materials Letters.60(27), 3272-3276. DOI 10.1016/j.matlet.2006.03.052.
[14] Li, T., Wu, S.D. Li, S.X. &Li, P.J. (2007).Microstructure evolution of Mg–14% Li–1% Al. alloy during the process of equal channel angular pressing.Materials Science and Engineering A. 460-461, 499-503.DOI10.1016/j.msea.2007.01.108.
[15] Jiang, B., Qiu, D., Zhang, M., Ding, P., Gao, L. (2010). A new approach to grain refinement of an Mg-Li-Al cast alloy. Journal of Alloys and Compounds.492(1-2), 95-98. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.066.
[16] Cui, L., Sun, L., Zeng, R., Zheng, Y., Li, S. (2017). In vitro degradation and biocompatibility of, Mg-Li-Ca alloys – the influence of Li content. Science China Materials 7/08, 1-12, DOI: 10.1007/s40843-017-9071-y.
[17] Gierek, A., Mikuszewski, T. (1998). Shaping the primary structure of metals and alloys.Gliwice: Wydawnictwo Politechniki Śląskiej. (in Polish).
[18] Adamski, C., Piwowarczyk, T. (1999).Metallurgy and foundry of non-ferrous metals. Aluminum and magnesium alloys. Kraków: Skrypt AGH nr 1117.

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Authors and Affiliations

Iwona Bednarczyk

1

e-mail:

ORCID:

Silesian University of Technology, Department of Materials Technology, 40-019 Katowice ul. Krasińskiego 8, Poland

Prediction of Selected Mechanical Properties in Austempered Ductile Iron with Different Wall Thickness by the Decision Support Systems

K. Jaśkowiec A. Opaliński P. Kustra D. Jach D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk

Archives of Foundry Engineering | 2023 | vol. 23 | No 2 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.24425/afe.2023.144306

Keywords Solver ADI Prediction Decision tree

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Abstract

The structure of Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI) is depend of many factors at individual stages of casting production. There is a rich literature documenting research on the relationship between heat treatment and the resulting microstructure of cast alloy. A significant amount of research is conducted towards the use of IT tools for indications production parameters for thin-walled castings, allowing for the selection of selected process parameters in order to obtain the expected properties. At the same time, the selection of these parameters should make it possible to obtain as few defects as possible. The input parameters of the solver is chemical composition Determined by the previous system module. Target wall thickness and HB of the product determined by the user. The method used to implement the solver is the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The developed IT tool was used to determine the parameters of heat treatment, which will ensure obtaining the expected value for hardness. In the first stage, the ADI cast iron heat treatment parameters proposed by the expert were used, in the next part of the experiment, the settings proposed by the system were used. Used of the proposed IT tool, it was possible to reduce the number of deficiencies by 3%. The use of the solver in the case of castings with a wall thickness of 25 mm and 41 mm allowed to indication of process parameters allowing to obtain minimum mechanical properties in accordance with the PN-EN 1564:2012 standard. The results obtained by the solver for the selected parameters were verified. The indicated parameters were used to conduct experimental research. The tests obtained as a result of the physical experiment are convergent with the data from the solver.

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Authors and Affiliations

K. Jaśkowiec

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

A. Opaliński

2

e-mail:

ORCID:

P. Kustra

2

D. Jach

3

D. Wilk-Kołodziejczyk

1 2

e-mail:

ORCID:

Lukasiewicz Research Network-Krakow Institute of Technology, Poland
AGH University of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Computer Science and Modelling, Poland
Kutno Foundry, Poland

Technical Note. The Comprehensive Research of the Road Acoustic Screen with Absorbing and Diffusing Surface

Tadeusz Kamisiński Roman Kinasz Agata Szeląg Jarosław Rubacha Adam Pilch Artur Flach Katarzyna Baruch

Archives of Acoustics | 2015 | vol. 40 | No 1 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.1515/aoa-2015-0016

Keywords acoustics mechanical strength environmental actions sound reflection sound diffusion

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Abstract

The paper presents the new solution to a road acoustic screen consisting of elements which are highly diffusing and simultaneously resistant to weathering, but also characterised by a sound absorption. There is described the comprehensive research of such the road acoustic screen with absorbing and diffusing surface. The study includes screen’s resistance to wind load and snow removal, impact tests and mea- surements of some acoustic parameters

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Authors and Affiliations

Tadeusz Kamisiński

Roman Kinasz

Agata Szeląg

Jarosław Rubacha

Adam Pilch

Artur Flach

Katarzyna Baruch

Algorithmic Method for Phase Angle Shift of Noisy Voltages Using Conditional Averaging of Delayed Signal's Absolute Value

Adam Kowalczyk Anna Szlachta

Metrology and Measurement Systems | 2011 | No 1 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.2478/v10178-011-0013-4

Keywords phase angle shift additive disturbance conditional signal averaging

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Abstract

The method of a phase shift angle measurement using conditional averaging of delayed signal absolute value (CAAV) is presented in this paper. The input sinusoidal signal x(t) is without noise. White noise with normal distribution and band limited to low frequencies has been applied as disturbance of delayed sinusoidal signal z(t). Noise n(t) - N(0, σn) is added to the delayed signal - the noised and delayed signal z(t) is obtained. The phase angle shift is proportional to time location of CAAV's minimum (minimum of the characteristic of conditional averaging of delayed signal's absolute value). The phase angle shift can be determined on the basis of conditional averaging value of elaborated algorithm. The characteristics of conditional average of delayed signal's absolute value in the surrounding of the minimum of this function (the results of practical investigations and theoretical calculation) are presented. The experimental variance of characteristic CAAV in surroundings of the minimum (obtained from practical investigations and calculation) is illustrated in the paper. The algorithms of conditional averaging have been elaborated and practically realized in the LabVIEW environment.

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Authors and Affiliations

Adam Kowalczyk

Anna Szlachta

Defining of the structural robustness

S. Woliński

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences Technical Sciences | 2013 | 61 | No 1 | 137-144 | DOI: 10.2478/bpasts-2013-0012

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Authors and Affiliations

S. Woliński

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On the rise of the ordinal number second in Middle English

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Structural Characterization and Properties of Al/Fe Multi-Layer Composites Produced by Hot Pressing

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

The Influence of the Casting Process on Shaping the Primary Structure of Mg-Li Alloys

Abstract

Bibliography

Authors and Affiliations

Prediction of Selected Mechanical Properties in Austempered Ductile Iron with Different Wall Thickness by the Decision Support Systems

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Technical Note. The Comprehensive Research of the Road Acoustic Screen with Absorbing and Diffusing Surface

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Algorithmic Method for Phase Angle Shift of Noisy Voltages Using Conditional Averaging of Delayed Signal's Absolute Value

Abstract

Authors and Affiliations

Defining of the structural robustness

Authors and Affiliations