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Abstract


The demand for coking coal in international trade is determined mainly by demand from the steel industry, which, in turn, is dependent on the global economic situation and the condition of the steel market.
Business cycles in commodity markets are normal, but in the 21st century the good and bad times in the global coal market have shortened, and the amplitudes of price fluctuations have been much greater than they used to be.
China, as the world’s biggest producer and consumer of coking coals, and at the same time the largest importer and major participant in the Asian spot market, played a leading role in these events.
On the supply side, the main factor for these events is the concentration of production of premium hard coals on the east coast of Australia (in Queensland), in an area exposed to strong weather conditions (floods, hurricanes). Australia’s share of coal supply to the international metallurgical coal market (seaborne) is about 60%.
Coal prices on the international market are mainly shaped by the relationships between Australian suppliers and Asian customers. The increased share of China and India in global coking coal trade has weakened the bargaining power of Japanese giant companies in benchmark price negotiations.
Using the example of FOB prices of the Australian Premium HCC, the article shows how prices in metallurgical coal trade have evolved (in a long time horizon) against the background of market conditions. It also describes how the ongoing changes have affected the way benchmark prices are set in international coking coal trade.
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Bibliography


Asia’s met coal... 2021 – Asia’s met coal trapped in a season of low prices. S&P Global Platts Metals Trade Review. [Online] www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
China–Australia... 2021 – China–Australia relations transform met coal market dynamics. S&P Global Platts Metals Trade Review. [Online] www.spglobal.com/platts/en/market-insights [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
China’s economy 2005 – China’s economy and its impact on the global economic situation. Government Center for Strategic Studies (Gospodarka Chin i jej wpływ na koniunkturę światową. Rządowe Centrum Studiów Strategicznych). Warsaw, November 2005 (in Polish).
Coal Information 2020 – with 2019 data. Paryż: IEA.
CTI Platts 2021 – CTI – Coal Trader International. S&P Global Platts (Editions from the years 2003–2021).
Energy Publishing 2010. Methodology and Specifications for Coking Coal Queensland Index (CCQ) and Coking Coal Hampton Roads Index (CCH). September 9, 2010 – Version 15, 20. [Online] www.energypublishing.com [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
Global Economy 2019 – Bulletin – September 2019: The Changing Global Market for Australian Coal. [Online] https://www.rba.gov.au/publications/bulletin/2019/sep/ [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
ICR Platts – ICR – International Coal Report. Wyd. Platts – The McGraw Hill Companies, England (Editions from the years 2003–2013).
IHS Markit 2021 – Coking coal marker price. Methodology and specifications. Effective February 2021. [Online] https://cdn.ihsmarkit.com [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
Metallurgical Coal 2018 – Metallurgical Coal 2018 Spot Trade Review. Metals special report. March 2019. S&PGlobal Platts. [Online] www.platts.com/metals [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2004. Prices of metallurgical coke and of coking coal on foreign markets (Ceny koksu metalurgicznego i węgla koksowego na rynkach międzynarodowych). Przegląd Górniczy 60(7–8), pp. 21–24 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2006. State of the art and forecast of international coking coal market development (Stan aktualny i prognozy rozwoju międzynarodowego rynku węgla koksowego). Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 9(is. special), pp. 633–643 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2009. The impact of the economic crisis on the steel, coking coal and coke markets (Wpływ kryzysu gospodarczego na rynki stali, węgla koksowego i koksu). Przegląd Górniczy 65(3–4), pp. 8–13 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2010. Coking coal management (Gospodarka węglem koksowym). Kraków: MEERI PAS (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2012. Coking coal market development within the context of the global economic situation (Rozwój rynku węgli koksowych na tle sytuacji gospodarczej na świecie). Polityka Energetyczna – Energy Policy Journal 15(4), pp. 255–267 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2016. Metallurgical Raw Materials Markets (Rynki surowców metalurgicznych). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 95, pp. 7–22 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke, U. 2017. Evolution of price mechanism on the international market of metallurgical coal (Ewolucja mechanizmu cenowego na międzynarodowym rynku węgli metalurgicznych). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 98, pp. 65–76 (in Polish).
Ozga-Blaschke U. 2018. Coking coal prices on the international market – the current situation and forecasts (Ceny węgla koksowego na rynku międzynarodowym – sytuacja bieżąca i prognozy). Zeszyty Naukowe IGSMiE PAN 105, pp. 53–62 (in Polish).
Resources... 2021 – Resources and Energy Quarterly, March 2021, June 2021. DISER. [Online] www.industry.gov.au [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
Specifications guide Global Metallurgical coal. Latest update: April 2021. S&P Global Platts. [Online] www.spglobal.com [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
Worldsteel Statistical Reports 2021. [Online] https://www.worldsteel.org/ [Accessed: 2021-07-05].
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Authors and Affiliations

Urszula Ozga-Blaschke
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Mineral and Energy Economy Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract

The Integrated Psychosocial Model of Criminal Social Identity (IPM-CSI) explains the underlying reasons, i.e. risk factors, for the development of criminal social identity (CSI). Empirical research surrounding these risk factors is inconsistent in the measures and procedures used and the risk factors were mostly considered in isolation from one another. The main purpose of the paper was to review existing empirical studies elucidating correlates of CSI incorporated in the IPM-CSI and indicate further direction for research. A search in PubMed, PsychInfo, ERIC, Google Scholar, and the journal Child Development and Adolescent Studies was performed. Eleven studies exploring the correlates of CSI were identified and discussed herein. Studies indicated that there is potential for further expansion of the IPM-CSI to consider the consequences of CSI. Based on the present study results, a set of recommendations are provided for future research.

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Authors and Affiliations

Alisa Victoria Spink
Russell Woodfield
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Abstract

The performance of drives with switched reluctance motors (SRMs) depends on magnetic materials used in their construction which influence static parameters such as inductance and electromagnetic torque profiles. The paper deals with simulations of switched reluctance motors in the finite element method and their comparison with measurements. Two kinds of switched reluctance motors were analysed, the modified Emerson Electric motor with a laminated steel core and a prototype, the one with a magnetic core made of iron-based powder composite materials. In the first part of the research, magnetization curves of magnetic materials were measured for static and dynamic conditions with 50 Hz. Next, simulations and measurements of inductance and developed torque were compared and analysed. In the last part of the research, simulations of magnetic flux density in motors were conducted. As the result of the research, it occurred that the simulations and measurements are quite close and two kinds of motors exhibit similar performance.
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Bibliography

[1] Miller T.J.E., Brushless permanent-magnet and reluctance motor drives, Oxford University Press (1989).
[2] Krishnan R., Switched reluctance motor drives: modelling, simulation, analysis, design, and applications, CRC Press (2001).
[3] Ahn J.-W., Switched reluctance motor, in book Torque control Ed. Lamchich M.T., Intech (2011), DOI: 10.5772/10520.
[4] Lawrenson P.J., Stephenson J.M., Blenkinsop P.T., Corda J., Fulton N.N., Variable-speed switched reluctance motors, IEE Proceedings B. (Electric Power Applications), vol. 127, no. 4, pp. 253–265 (1980), DOI: 10.1049/ip-b.1980.0034.
[5] Widmer J.D., Martin R., Kimiabeigi M., Electric vehicle traction motors without rare earth magnets, Sustainable Materials and Technologies, vol. 3, pp. 7–13 (2015), DOI: 10.1016/j.susmat.2015.02.001.
[6] Riba J.-R., López-Torres C., Romeral L., Garcia A., Rare-earth-free propulsion motors for electric vehicles: A technology review, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 57, pp. 367–379 (2016), DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2015.12.121.
[7] Nakamura H., The current and future status of rare earth permanent magnets, Scripta Materialia, vol. 154, pp. 273–276 (2018), DOI: 10.1016/j.scriptamat.2017.11.010.
[8] Coey J.M.D., Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, Cambridge University Press (2010).
[9] Shokrollahi H., Janghorban K., Soft magnetic composite materials (SMCs), Journal of Materials Processing Technology, vol. 189, no. 1–3, pp. 1–12 (2007), DOI: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2007.02.034.
[10] Périgo E.A.,Weidenfeller B., Kollár P., Füzer J., Past, present, and future of soft magnetic composites, Applied Physics Reviews, vol. 5, no. 3 (2018), DOI: 10.1063/1.5027045.
[11] Przybylski M., Modelling and analysis of the low-power 3-phase switched reluctance motor, Archives of Electrical Engineering, vol. 68, no. 2, pp. 443–454 (2019), DOI: 10.24425/aee.2019.128279.
[12] Przybylski M., Slusarek B., Di Barba P., Mognaschi M.E.,Wiak S., Temperature and torque measurements of switched reluctance actuator with composite or laminated magnetic cores, Sensors, vol. 20, no. 3065, pp. 1–14 (2020), DOI: 10.3390/s20113065.
[13] Meeker D., Finite element method magnetics – User’s manual, ver. 4.2 (2018).
[14] Miller T.J.E., Optimal design of switched reluctance motors, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 15–27 (2002), DOI: 10.1109/41.982244.
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Authors and Affiliations

Marek Przybylski
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Łukasiewicz Research Network – Tele and Radio Research Institute, Poland
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Abstract

The article presents the results of the analysis of straw obtained from ripening wheat, which was subjected to four water soaking cycles in demineralized water. The soaking was carried out under laboratory conditions at 20°C. As a result, part of mineral matter, including a significant amount of alkaline sodium and potassium salts and substances containing sulfur and phosphorus, was washed out. The process of soaking has a great impact on the chemical composition of ash obtained from water-treated straw, which increased its acidity. The Na2O content in the analyzed ash has decreased by 78%, while the K2O content has decreased by 60%. In turn, the content of water-insoluble, acid-forming SiO2 has increased by 80%. As a consequence, a positive change in the values of indices, on the basis of which the tendency of straw to slagging and deposit formation during the combustion and gasification processes is assessed, has been observed. Already after the second water soaking cycle it became apparent, based on the AI alkali index, that the examined fuel should not cause difficulties resulting from the increased intensity of use of the boiler during the combustion process. Meanwhile, the value of the BAI bed agglomeration index was considered to be safe, indicating a low possibility of bed agglomeration during the combustion or fluidized bed gasification, after the third water soaking cycle. The third of the analyzed indices, the Fu fouling index, did not indicate any tendency to deposit formation during the combustion; however, four water soaking cycles reduced its initial value by 80%. The last of the analyzed indexes, the SR, slag viscosity index did not change its value during the experiment, which, both for the raw straw and after subsequent soaking cycles, indicated that the fuel should have a low tendency to accumulate slag during the combustion process.
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Authors and Affiliations

Andrzej Rozwadowski
Tadeusz Dziok
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Abstract

Obligation to use the best available technology (BAT) in the protection of the environment is envisaged in many international treaties. It is not only legal, but also moral obligation. Treaties concluded under the auspices of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) that aim at the protection of the environment and the prevention of pollution from ships, enshrine the precautionary principle which encompasses the obligation to use the best available technology. Many IMO treaties consider technological development, some of them even drive it, however, not all standards are based on the best and the newest solutions. The discussion at the IMO’s Marine Environment Protection Committee regarding the energy efficiency design index demonstrates the impact of political and economic interests on the text of adopted standards. The Initial IMO strategy on the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions from ships identifies levels of ambitions consistent with the Paris Agreement. In the shipping industry this will be achieved, if the adopted standards were based on the best available technology.
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Authors and Affiliations

Dorota Lost-Siemińska
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. zastępca dyrektora departamentu prawnego i stosunków zewnętrznych, szefowa biura prawnego, Międzynarodowa Organizacja Morska
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Abstract

The main purpose of this investigation was to measure the effect of contralateral acoustic stimulation (CAS) on distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) in twenty human ears, for a ratio of primary tones f2/f1 = 1.22 and a wide frequency range of f2 (1.4-9 kHz), for two intensity levels of primary tones (L1 = 60 dB SPL; L2 = 50 dB SPL and L1 = 70 dB SPL; L2 = 60 dB SPL) and two intensity levels of CAS (50 and 60 dB SPL). It was found that in the presence of CAS, in the majority of cases the DPOAE level decreased (suppression), but it might also increase (enhancement) or remain unchanged depending on the frequency. The mean suppression level of the component of the frequency fDP = 2f1 f2 might be approximated by a linearly decreasing function of the f2 frequency of primary tones. The slope of this function was negative and increased with an increase of the contralateral stimulation level. The higher was the contralateral noise level the greater was the suppression. For the fDP level below about 15 dB SPL, suppression was observed in a substantial number of measurement cases (in about 85% of all measured cases on average). When the fDP level was higher than 15 dB SPL, only suppression (not enhancement) was observed.

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Authors and Affiliations

Edward Ozimek
Andrzej Wicher
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Abstract

Na fali odrodzenia rzemiosł w 1901 r. w Krakowie powstało Towarzystwo Polska Sztuka Stosowana (TPSS), szybko skupiło ono w swoim kręgu najwybitniejszych polskich projektantów. Towarzystwo ze względu na bliskość geograficzną, ale przede wszystkim pokrewne idee i cele możemy zestawić z działalnością Warsztatów Wiedeńskich. Towarzystwo próbowało zaistnieć na wiedeńskiej scenie artystycznej poprzez prezentowanie przedmiotów zaprojektowanych przez jego członków na wystawach wiedeńskiej „Secesji”, ich sprzedaż w wiedeńskich sklepach, a także publikację tekstów na temat własnej działalności w czasopiśmie „Hohe Warte”. Analizując prace projektantów mebli związanych z TPSS, możemy wskazać trzy tendencje: inspiracje sztuką ludową, zwrot ku stylom dawnym, a także skłonność do upraszczania sprzętów i nadawania im minimalistycznej formy, pozbawionej ornamentyki. Zazwyczaj na pierwszy plan wysuwany jest nurt związany ze sztuką ludową, wiążący się z poszukiwaniem stylu narodowego. Jednakże najbardziej innowacyjne projekty możemy odnaleźć w trzeciej grupie. Właśnie te prace polskich projektantów możemy porównać z dziełami artystów związanych z Warsztatami Wiedeńskimi. W nurt purystycznej geometryzacji, który dominował w pierwszych latach działalności Warsztatów, wpasowują się projekty Stanisława Wyspiańskiego, Edwarda Trojanowskiego i Karola Tichego. Również kolejna faza stylowa, którą prezentowało młodsze pokolenie członków Warsztatów, czyli skłonność do dekoracyjności i eksperymentowania ze stylami dawnymi, znajduje odbicie w polskim meblarstwie, czego przykładem są projekty Karola Frycza i Henryka Uziembły.

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Authors and Affiliations

Agata Wójcik
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Abstract

This article discusses Grzegorz Uzdański’s verse novel Wypiór (2021, the title is a pun on the word ‘upiór’, Pol. spectre) which is multifaceted commentary on the Romantic tradition and the ‘Romantic paradigm’, epitomized in the figure of Adam Mickiewicz transformed into a vampire. The pop-cultural frame invites the reader to pursue all kinds of links between Wypiór and the gallery of the living dead, ghosts and spectres in Mickiewicz’s stories (conceived both as characters from the past and a metaphoric projections of the Romantic poet). The article compares the references and allusions in Uzdański’s novel to Mickiewicz’s own text as well as the text of another contemporary comic horror novel, Ale razem z naszymi umarłymi ( But Not Without Our Dead) by Jacek Dehnel. The analyses, which rely on a methodological toolkit inspired by Jacques Derrida’s hauntology, offer a more accurate reading of Wypiór and highlight its place in the contemporary reception of Romanticism with its predilection for haunting, ghosts or persistent spectral presence.
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Authors and Affiliations

Michał Gliński
1
ORCID: ORCID

  1. Szkoła Doktorska Nauk Humanistycznych UJ

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