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Abstract

The research was carried out on two different industrial wastes deposited on the premises of a chemical plant: used graphite electrode after electrolysis of brine applying the mercury-cathode method and coal catalyst past the usage period after the synthesis of vinyl chloride. The need for utilization of the waste necessitated development of a fast and reliable procedure for mercury determination. We have found procedures for mineralization of coal samples and determination of small concentrations of mercury by the cold vapour of atomic absorption spectrometry (CV AAS) in the available literature. Six procedures for passing mercury from the examined waste into solutions were tested, and mercury was assayed using the titration method of Wickbold and CV AAS. The results were evaluated statistically. It has been found that four ways to mineralize the examined industrial waste samples can be used.
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Authors and Affiliations

Jerzy Ciba
Joanna Kluczka
Maria Zolotajkin
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Abstract

In this paper we propose a method which allows to overcome the basic functional problems in holographic displays with naked eye observation caused by delivering too small images visible in narrow viewing angles. The solution is based on combining the spatiotemporal multiplexing method with a 4f optical system. It enables to increase an aperture of a holographic display and extend the angular visual field of view. The applicability of the modified display is evidenced by Wigner distribution analysis of holographic imaging with spatiotemporal multiplexing method and by the experiments performed at the display demonstrator.

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Authors and Affiliations

G. Finke
M. Kujawińska
T. Kozacki
W. Zaperty
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Abstract

A compact temperature measuring device using a weakly coupled multi-core fibre in the Michelson interferometer structure is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The device is manufactured by an easy and simple splicing approach which consists of a multi-core fibre segment and an in-fibre coupler. In-fibre coupler is made of a cascaded single-mode fibre and multi-core fibre balls. It enhances the interference phenomenon of light energy between the central core and the outer cores of a multi-core fibre. The sensor shows a high quality fringe visibility of about 14–18 dB in the wavelength spectrum. Multi-core structure presents multi-path interferences and exhibits a maximum temperature sensitivity of 70.6 pm/°C in the range of 20–90°C with an insensitive response to the refractive index in the range of 1.334 to 1.354. The device has the advantages of compact size, easy manufacturing, and it solves cross-sensitivity between temperature and refractive index making it an authentic real-time temperature monitoring solution.
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Bibliography

  1. Yu, J. et al.Multi-parameter sensor based on the fibre Bragg grating combined with triangular-lattice four-core fibre. Optik 208, 164094 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.164094
  2. Cao, Y. et al. Simultaneous measurement of temperature and refractive index based on microfibre Bragg Grating in Sagnac loop. Opt. Fibre Technol. 47, 147–151 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2018.11.028
  3. Zhao, C.-L., Demokan, M., Jin, W. & Xiao, L. A cheap and practical FBG temperature sensor utilizing a long-period grating in a photonic crystal fibre. Opt. Commun. 276, 242–245 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2007.04.037
  4. Fu, X. et al. Refractive index insensitive temperature sensor based on specialty triple-clad fibre. Opt. Express 23, 2320–2327 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.002320
  5. Liu, Q. et al. Refractive index insensitive temperature sensor based on waist-enlarged few mode fibre bitapers. Optoelectron. Lett. 13, 25–28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11801-017-6200-0
  6. H. &. Shu, X. Miniature all-fibre high temperature sensor based on Michelson interferometer formed with a novel core-mismatching fibre joint. IEEE Sens. J. 17, 3341–3345 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2017.2693386
  7. Bao, L., Dong, X., Shum, P. P. & Shen, Ch. Compact temperature sensor with highly germania-doped fibre-based Michelson interferometer. IEEE Sens. J. 18, 8017–8021 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2018.2864799
  8. Qi, K., Zhang, Y., Sun, J. & Yi, G. All-fibre high temperature and refractive index sensor based on three microspheres array Michelson interferometer. Opt. Laser Technol. 129, 106300 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.optlastec.2020.106300
  9. Wang, J. et al. A novel fibre in-line Michelson interferometer based on end face packaging for temperature and refractive index measurement. Optik 194, 163094 (2019) . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2019.163094
  10. Duan, L. et al. Heterogeneous all-solid multicore fibre based multipath Michelson interferometer for high temperature sensing. Opt. Express 24, 20210–20218 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.24.020210
  11. Zhao, Y. et al. An integrated fibre Michelson interferometer based on twin-core and side-hole fibres for multiparameter sensing. J. Light. Technol. 36, 993–997 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2017.2753256
  12. Rugeland, P. & Margulis, W. Revisiting twin-core fibre sensors for high-temperature measurements. Appl. Opt. 51, 6227–6232 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.51.006227
  13. Dang, Y. et al. Towards large dynamic range and ultrahigh measurement resolution in distributed fibre sensing based on multicore fibre. Opt. Express 25, 20183–20193 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.25.020183
  14. Hu, W. et al. Etched multicore fibre Bragg gratings for refractive index sensing with temperature in-line compensation. OSA Continuum 3, 1058–1067 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/OSAC.387019
  15. Chunxia, Y. et al. Weakly-coupled multicore optical fibre taper-based high-temperature sensor. Sens. Actuator A Physi. 280, 139–144 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2018.07.016
  16. Cheng, P. et al. Refractive index interferometer based on SMF-MMF-TMCF-SMF structure with low temperature sensitivity. Opt. Fibre Technol. 57, 102233 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2020.102233
  17. Guo, D. et al. Tapered multicore fibre interferometer for refractive index sensing with graphene enhancement. Appl. Opt. 59, 3927–3932 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1364/AO.385324
  18. Zhang, C. et al. Refractive index sensor based on tapered multicore fibre. Opt. Fibre Technol. 33, 71–76 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yofte.2016.11.008
  19. Antonio-Lopez, J. E. et al. Multicore fibre sensor for high-temperature applications up to 1000°C. Opt. Lett. 39, 4309–4312 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.004309
  20. Qi, Y. et al. A novel high sensitivity refractive index sensor based on multi-core micro/nano fibre. Photonic Sens. 9, 197–204 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13320-019-0554-9
  21. Mumtaz, F., Dai, Y. & Ashraf, M. A. Inter-cross de-modulated refractive index and temperature sensor by an etched multi-core fibre of a MZI structure. J. Light. Technol. 38, 6948–6953 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2020.3014857
  22. Mumtaz, F. et al. A design of taper-like etched multicore fibre refractive index-insensitive a temperature highly sensitive Mach-Zehnder interferometer. IEEE Sens. J. 20, 7074–7081 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/jsen.2020.2978533
  23. Zhao, Z. et al. All-solid multi-core fibre-based multipath Mach–Zehnder interferometer for temperature sensing. Appl. Phys. B 112, 491–497 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-013-5634-8
  24. Zhou, S., Huang, B. & Shu, X. A multi-core fibre based interferometer for high temperature sensing. Meas. Sci. Technol. 28, 045107 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6501/AA5E82
  25. Kilic, S. G. et al. Refractometer with etched chirped fibre Bragg grating Fabry–Perot interferometer in multicore fibre. IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 31, 575–578 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/LPT.2019.2900621
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  27. Madrigal, J., Barrera, D. & Sales, S. Refractive index and temperature sensing using inter-core crosstalk in multicore fibres. J. Light. Technol. 37, 4703–4709 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/JLT.2019.2917629
  28. Mumtaz, F. et al. Thermo-coupled temperature sensors by seven-core MCF structures. in 2020 IEEE Sensors 1–4 (IEEE Rotterdam, Netherlands, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/SENSORS47125.2020.9278856
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Authors and Affiliations

Farhan Mumtaz
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Yutang Dai
3
ORCID: ORCID
Hu Wenbin
3
Lashari G. Abbas
3 1
Rashda Parveen
2
Muhammad A. Ashraf 
2

  1. School of Information and Communication Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122#, Wuhan 430070, China
  2. Communications Lab., Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
  3. National Engineering Laboratory for Fibre Optic Sensing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122#, Wuhan 430070, China
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Abstract

The application of immune serum is one of the most efficient method used formerly in the protection of raised piglets’/weaners’ health . The objective of the study was to determine specific antibody response during hyperimmunization of fatteners with a self-prepared subunit vaccine, and to propose production method of immune serum against Gram-negative bacteria antigens. The vaccine was administered every two weeks, 4 times. Individual and pooled serum samples were assayed for IgM, IgG and IgA antibodies against Histophilus somni recombinant Hsp60, H.somni rOMP40 and Pasteurella multocida LPS. Additionally total serum IgG and haptoglobin concentrations were measured.

Two weeks after the first vaccination IgM antibody raised significantly against H.s. rOMP40 and LPS, whereas after 4 weeks it increased against rHsp60 antigens. Anti-LPS IgM antibody raised up stepwise till the end of the observation, but IgM antibody against H.s. rHsp60 and H.s. rOMP40 decreased in further samplings. A significant raise in IgG class H.s. rHsp60-

-antibody was found 4 weeks after the first immunization and a similar raise against two remain- ing antigens after 6 weeks. The intensity of the reaction increased till the end of the experiment. The raise in IgA antibody level was observed only for H.s. rHsp60 antigen. Clinically observed, proper animal health and welfare were confirmed by haptoglobin concentration, which remained in physiological range. At least 4 booster doses were necessary to obtain hyperimmune serum containing a high level of antibodies against examined antigens. The number of immunizations influenced response profiles for specific IgM, IgG, IgA antibodies.

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Authors and Affiliations

A. Rząsa
O. Pietrasina
M. Czerniecki
J. Bajzert
T. Stefaniak
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Abstract

The presence of Euphausia superba, E. crystallorophias and Thysanoessa macrura was observed in Admiralty Bay (King George Island, South Shetland Islands) and the size of individuals of particular species are diverse and varying during the summer season. E. superba population is older and specimens larger than in analogous season in 1979. The maximum number of females with eggs was noted in the first half of January 1980, i.e. earlier than in 1979. In E, crystallorophias population the presence of females with eggs was observed in the second half of December 1979.

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Authors and Affiliations

Hanna Jackowska
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Abstract

Vibrio species are common inhabitants of aquatic environments and have been described in connection with fish and human diseases.
Six Vibrio species were isolated from diseased freshwater and ornamental fish in Poland. The strains were identified based on morphological and biochemical characteristics and confirmed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) as V. albensis (n=3) from Gymnocephalus cernua, Sander lucioperca, Paracheirodon innesi, and Xiphophorus hellerii; V. mimicus (n=1) from Xiphophorus maculatus; and V. vulnificus (n=1) from Nematobrycon palmeri. This is the first time that Vibrio species have been isolated and described from ornamental fish in Poland. The isolates were resistant to ampicillin (83.3%), gentamicin (16.6%), ciprofloxacin (16.6%), sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (16.6%), and chloramphenicol (16.6%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index was 0.00-0.08 for V. albensis, 0.17 for V. mimicus, and 0.33 for V. vulnificus.
Our study confirmed the presence of potentially pathogenic Vibrio species in freshwater and ornamental fish. Therefore, further monitoring of the presence of Vibrio species, mainly in ornamental fish, is necessary.
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Authors and Affiliations

A. Pastuszka
1
L. Guz
1
K. Michalak
2
D. Pietras-Ożga
2
K. Puk
1

  1. Department of Biology and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Akademicka 12, 20-950 Lublin, Poland
  2. Department of Epizootiology and Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Life Sciences, Głęboka 30, 20-612 Lublin, Poland
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Abstract

During heat transport through the walls of a hollow sphere, the heat stream can achieve extreme values. The same processes occur in regular polyhedrons. We can calculate the maximum heat transfer rate, the so-called critical heat transfer rate. We must assume here identical conditions of heat exchange on all internal and external walls of a regular polyhedron. The transfer rate of heat penetrating through the regular polyhedron with different heat transfer coefficients on the walls is called the heat transfer rate with asymmetric boundary conditions. We show that the heat transfer rate in this case will grow up if we replace those coefficients with their average values.
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Authors and Affiliations

Ewa Pelińska-Olko

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