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Abstract

We investigate the problem of setting revenue sharing rules in a team production environment with a principal and two agents. We assume that the project output is binary and that the principal can observe the level of agents’ actual eort, but does not know the production function. Identifying conditions that ensure the eciency of the revenue sharing rule, we show that the rule of equal percentage markups can lead to ination of project costs. This result provides an explanation for project cost overruns other than untruthful cost reporting.

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Authors and Affiliations

Bogumił Kamiński
ORCID: ORCID
Maciej Łatek
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Abstract

Global agriculture is a pivotal activity performed by various communities worldwide to produce essential human food needs. Plant productivity is limited by several factors, such as salinity, water scarcity, and heat stress. Salinity significantly causes short or long-term impacts on the plant photosynthesis mechanisms by reducing the photosynthetic rate of CO 2 assimilation and limiting the stomatal conductance. Moreover, disturbing the plant water status imbalance causes plant growth inhibition. Up-regulation of several plant phytohormones occurs in response to increasing soil salt concentration. In addition, there are different physiological and biochemical mechanisms of salt tolerance, including ion transport, uptake, homeostasis, synthesis of antioxidant enzymes, and osmoprotectants. Besides that, microorganisms proved their ability to increase plant tolerance, Bacillus spp. represents the dominant bacteria of the rhizosphere zone, characterised as harmless microbes with extraordinary abilities to synthesise many chemical compounds to support plants in confronting salinity stress. In addition, applying arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) is a promising method to decrease salinity-induced plant damage as it could enhance the growth rate relative to water content. In addition, there is a demand to search for new salt-tolerant crops with more yield and adaptation to unfavourable environmental conditions. The negative impact of salinity on plant growth and productivity, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and changes in plant phytohormones biosynthesis, including abscisic acid and salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids was discussed in this review. The mechanisms evolved to adapt and/or survive the plants, including ion homeostasis, antioxidants, and osmoprotectants biosynthesis, and the microbial mitigate salt stress. In addition, there are modern approaches to apply innovative methods to modify plants to tolerate salinity, especially in the essential crops producing probable yield with a notable result for further optimisation and investigations.
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Authors and Affiliations

Omar A. Hewedy
1 2
ORCID: ORCID
Ghada Abd-Elmonsef Mahmoud
3
ORCID: ORCID
Naglaa F. Elshafey
4
Galal Khamis
5
Ali M. Karkour
6
Khalid S. Abdel Lateif
2
Basma H. Amin
7
Nour Chiab
8
Ahmed M. El-Taher
9
Nabil I. Elsheery
10
ORCID: ORCID

  1. University of Guelph, Department of Plant Agriculture, Guelph, Canada
  2. Menoufia University, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Genetics, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
  3. Assiut University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, Assiut, Egypt
  4. Arish University, Faculty of Science, Botany and Microbiology Department, El-Arish, Egypt
  5. Cairo University, Department of Laser Applications in Meteorology, Photochemistry, and Agriculture, National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences, Giza, Egypt
  6. Tanta University, Faculty of Science, Microbiology Department, Tanta, Egypt
  7. Al-Azhar University, The Regional Centre for Mycology and Biotechnology, Cairo, Egypt
  8. National Engineering School of Sfax (ENIS), Biology Engineering Department, Sfax, Tunisia
  9. Al-Azhar University, Agriculture Faculty, Department of Agriculture Botany, Cairo, Egypt
  10. Tanta University, Faculty of Agriculture, Agricultural Botany Department, Al-Geish St, Tanta, 6632110, Egypt

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