@ARTICLE{Opiela_M._Modification_2012,
 author={Opiela, M. and Grajcar, A.},
 number={No 2},
 journal={Archives of Foundry Engineering},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2012},
 publisher={The Katowice Branch of the Polish Academy of Sciences},
 abstract={The modification of the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions by rare-earth elements in the new-developed microalloyed steels was discussed in the paper. The investigated steels are assigned to production of forged elements by thermomechanical treatment. The steels were melted in a vaccum induction furnace and modification of non-metallic inclusions was carried out by the michmetal in the amount of 2.0 g per 1 kg of steel. It was found that using material charge of high purity and a realization of metallurgical process in vacuous conditions result in a low concentration of sulfur (0.004%), phosphorus (from 0.006 to 0.008%) and oxygen (6 ppm). The high metallurgical purity is confirmed by a small fraction of non-metallic inclusions averaging 0.075%. A large majority of non-metallic inclusions are fine, globular oxide-sulfide or sulfide particles with a mean size 17 µm2 . The chemical composition and morphology of non-metallic inclusions was modified by Ce, La and Nd, what results a small deformability of nonmetallic inclusions during hot-working.},
 type={Artykuły / Articles},
 title={Modification of Non-Metallic Inclusions by Rare-Earth Elements in Microalloyed Steels},
 URL={http://www.czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/86556/PDF/25_paper.pdf},
 doi={10.2478/v10266-012-0050-9},
 keywords={Rare-earth Elements, Modification of Non-metallic Inclusions, Microalloyed Steels},
}