@ARTICLE{Sickinger_M._Comparative_2019,
 author={Sickinger, M. and Allugami, A. and von Pückler, K. and Failing, K. and Wehrend, A.},
 volume={vol.22},
 number={No 1},
 journal={Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences},
 pages={127-132},
 howpublished={online},
 year={2019},
 publisher={Polish Academy of Sciences Committee of Veterinary Sciences},
 publisher={University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn},
 abstract={Early castration of male small ruminants is regarded as a risk factor for urolithiasis, although the underlying correlations are still unclear. One possible reason is a deferred development of the penis and the urethra after castration. Therefore, we examined the penis and urethra of castrated and intact lambs by ultrasonography to determine the correlation between urethral area and pe- nile cross-sectional area. Ultrasonography was performed in 6-month-old Lacaune crossbred lambs (early castrated, late castrated, and intact; each group, n = 11). Sectional images at 5 loca- tions (glans penis, penile urethra, distal and proximal sigmoid flexure, and ischial arch) were ob- tained to determine the urethral and penile diameters. Urethral and penile cross-sectional areas were calculated. Grey-scale analysis of ultrasound images was performed to evaluate possible differences in the penile texture between the groups. Correlation analyses between both cross-sectional areas showed a significant general correlation for location 2 in all lambs (R = 0.52; P = 0.003), for location 3 in late-castrated lambs, and for location 5 in early-castrated lambs. Statistically significant correlations between the penile and the urethral area of castrated and intact lambs were not evident. Therefore, measurement of the penile cross-sectional area alone does not allow for accurate estimation of urethral size. Statistically significant differences con- cerning the grey-scale analysis between the groups were also not detectable. Thus, simplification of the formerly presented ultrasonographic examination of the urethra is not recommended. In animals at a risk of obstructive urolithiasis, complete urethral examina- tion is essential.},
 type={Article},
 title={Comparative ultrasonographic examination and measurements of the urethra and penis of castrated and intact male lambs},
 URL={http://www.czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/110879/PDF/17.pdf},
 doi={10.24425/pjvs.2019.127079},
 keywords={lamb, morphometry, lower urogenital tract, ultrasonography, urethra},
}