@ARTICLE{Sekuła_Anna_Is_2018, author={Sekuła, Anna}, volume={tom 184 Rozwój lokalny i regionalny. Teorie i zastosowania}, journal={Studia KPZK}, pages={284-296}, howpublished={online}, year={2018}, publisher={Polska Akademia Nauk Komitet Przestrzennego Zagospodarowania Kraju}, abstract={The article presents the development of industrial cities: Zabrze, Bytom and Gliwice regarding the background of historical changes, the influence of endogenous and exogenous factors. The development of these cities was connected with trade, hard coal mining and heavy industry. These cities were interconnected administratively, communicatively and economically. They changed their nationality and joined other towns. The different concepts of authorities regarding urban spaces and the profile of a given city were implemented. The influence of various factors, taking place even historically distant time, related to the city’s development concepts and shaping their centers, has become one of the challenges that cities are trying to meet. The activity of various entities in the city center is a measure of the attractiveness of the city itself. Examples of cities: Zabrze, Bytom and Gliwice show the diff erence in the situation in which each of these cities is located.}, type={Artykuły / Articles}, title={Is Downtown the City Center? Examples of Central Subregion Cities – Zabrze, Bytom and Gliwice}, URL={http://www.czasopisma.pan.pl/Content/109729/PDF/24%20Seku%C5%82a.pdf}, keywords={Downtown, local development policy, local problems}, }