Using a highly sensitive and precise apparatus, series of spatial movements of human cervical segments (C3/C4) were measured. They followed cyclic varied pure torques for axial rotation, lateral flexion, and flexion-extension in the presence of axially directed preloads as running parameter, whose force lines were shifted over the segments. By successive resections of the uncovertebral and zygapophysial joints as well as ligamental structures, the reach of these guiding structures for segmental kinematics and stiffness could be evaluated. For the first time, the biomechanical significance of the uncovertebral joints could be substantiated. In axial rotation and in lateral bending, the instantaneous helical axis (IHA) was found to be not stationary. Its position depended on the size of the rotational angle. The ensemble of the skew IHA formed a ruled surface with a waist. Torque and unit vector of the IHA were found to be parallel only for flexion-extension. In this case, all four joints were in guiding function, whereas in axial rotation and lateral flexion the joints alternated with each other. IHA included with torque Tz(t) for axial rotation ≈+30deg, and with torque Tx(t) ≈−30deg: These motions were coupled. Resection of all ligaments did hardly influence the kinematical structure.
In the presented work, the author introduces the ballistic energy absorbed by the shield mpV2BL/2 to elaborate the results of firing on homogeneous plates and multi – layered constructional shields. The introduced criterion V2BL is used to determine ballistic thickness hBL and ballistic velocity VBL under normal firing 7.62 mm ŁPS bullets.
The experimental tests were performed on an unified test stand to investigate ballistic resistance of materials in field conditions. The stand was developed at the Naval University of Gdynia and then patented. The design of this test stand was based on the construction of ballistic pendulum arranged for measuring: the impact forces, the turn angle of ballistic pendulum φ, initial and residual velocities of the bullet. All the measurement data were transmitted to a digital oscilloscope and personal computer. The energy absorbed by the shield was subject to further analysis of V2BL[R] according to Recht’s and Ipson’s method and of V2BL[Z] according to author’s method. The verification of the above-mentioned dependences was based on the results of the tests. The ballistic velocities VBL[R] and VBL[R] of the steel and steel – aluminium alloy shields with air interlayer thicknesses of 0, 6, 12 mm were approximately equal, however, they were quite different for aluminium alloy multi – layered shields, according to the results of firing 7.62 mm ŁPS bullets. These properties were confirmed by the average mass coefficients α2s and average effectiveness coefficients βs of the V2BL for the tested methods.
The paper presents the mathematical model of a pipelay spread. In the model, elasto-plastic deflections of the pipe, its large deformations and contact problems are considered. The modification of the rigid finite element method (REFM) is used to discretise the pipe. The problem is analyzed in two stages. First, the quasi-static problem is considered. The tip of the pipe is pulled from the reel to the tensioner. Then, dynamic analysis (during ordinary work) of the pipelay spread is carried out. Some results of numerical calculations are presented.
The paper presents application of guidance system for small, smart mortar missile. The presented control system is simple and inexpensive. It is based on a set of one time used impulse control engines and linear coordinator rotating with controlled object. Engines are mounted around the missile. There are no movable devices on the projectile board. The correcting impulses from rocket engines are perpendicular to main symmetry axis of the flying object and influence directly the centre of gravity of the guided missile. In the paper, authors describe the whole control system of the missile. Particular attention is focused on seeker and control devices. Numerical analysis presents some cases of the missile controlled flights.
The motion of a ring pack on a thin film covering a cylinder liner has been analysed. In contrast to the previous papers [30], [31], which considered a primary hydrodynamic phenomena (including mixed lubrication), in the present paper an additional degree of freedom of a ring i.e. a twist motion is also taken into account. Equations describing the twist of rings are presented and used in simulation. The twist phenomena of a single ring have been analysed in the past [25]. In this paper, the twist effects of separate rings forming a ring pack are considered. In the pack configuration, the twist of the upstream ring strongly influences the operation of the downstream ring. The phenomenon commonly treated as secondary effect seems to be influencing the ring motion strongly. Differences between results obtained applying and neglecting ring twist motion are analysed and discussed.
Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Marek Wojtyra, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Editorial Board
Prof. Krzysztof Arczewski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Janusz T. Cieśliński, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Antonio Delgado, LSTM University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
Prof. Peter Eberhard, University of Stuttgart, Germany
Prof. Jerzy Maciej Floryan, The University of Western Ontario, Canada
Prof. Janusz Frączek, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Zbigniew Kowalewski, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Prof. Zenon Mróz, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland
Prof. Andrzej J. Nowak, Silesian University of Technology, Poland
Dr. Andrzej F. Nowakowski, The University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
Prof. Jerzy Sąsiadek, Carleton University, Canada
Prof. Jacek Szumbarski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Tomasz Wiśniewski, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Günter Wozniak, Chemnitz University of Technology, Germany
Assistant to the Editor
Małgorzata Broszkiewicz, Warsaw University of Technology, Poland
Editorial Advisory Board
Prof. Alberto Carpinteri, Politecnico di Torino, Italy
Prof. Fernand Ellyin, University of Alberta, Canada
Prof. Feng Gao, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, P.R. China
Prof. Emmanuel E. Gdoutos, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece
Prof. Gregory Glinka, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Prof. Andrius Marcinkevicius, Vilnius Gedeminas Technical University, Lithuania
Prof. Manuel José Moreira De Freitas, Instituto Superior Tecnico, Portugal
Prof. Andrzej Neimitz, Kielce University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Thierry Palin-Luc, Arts et Métiers ParisTech, Institut Carnot Arts, France
Prof. Andre Pineau, Centre des Matériaux, Ecole des Mines de Paris, France
Prof. Narayanaswami Ranganathan, LMR, Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Tours, France
Prof. Jan Ryś, Cracow University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Adelia Sequeira, Technical University of Lisbon, Portugal,
Prof. Józef Szala, University of Technology and Life Sciences in Bydgoszcz, Poland
Prof. Edmund Wittbrodt, Gdańsk University of Technology, Poland
Prof. Jens Wittenburg, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Germany
Prof. Stanisław Wojciech, University of Bielsko-Biała, Poland
Language Editor
Lech Śliwa, Institute of Physiology and Pathology of Hearing, Warsaw, Poland
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Archive of Mechanical
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